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Abstract
Objective To evaluate golimumab's effect on MRI-detected inflammation and structural damage in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite methotrexate (MTX).
Methods Patients (n=444) were randomly assigned to placebo plus MTX, golimumab 100 mg plus placebo, golimumab 50 mg plus MTX, or golimumab 100 mg plus MTX (subcutaneous injections every 4 weeks). A subset of 240 patients participated in an MRI substudy. MRIs (1.5T+contrast enhancement) of the dominant wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints were obtained at baseline and weeks 12 and 24. Images were scored by two independent, blinded readers for synovitis (0–9 wrist only (n=240), 0–21 wrist+MCP (n=223)), bone oedema (osteitis) (0–69) and bone erosions (0–230) using the OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Scoring system.
Results Significant improvements in synovitis and bone oedema (osteitis) were observed in the combined golimumab plus MTX groups versus placebo plus MTX at week 12 (−1.77 vs −0.15, p<0.001 wrist+MCP and −2.00 vs 0.19, p=0.003, respectively) and week 24 (−1.91 vs −0.38, p<0.001 wrist+MCP and −1.74 vs 0.71, p=0.004, respectively). Fewer than 10% of patients had a substantial degree of erosive progression (most showed no progression) across all treatment groups (including the control group), precluding adequate evaluation of golimumab's effect on bone erosions.
Conclusion Golimumab plus MTX significantly improved MRI-detected synovitis and osteitis (prognosticators of future structural damage) versus placebo plus MTX at weeks 12 and 24. The effect of golimumab on bone erosions could not be determined by semi-quantitative scoring in these RA patients with minimal progression of bone erosions.
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Introduction
Reducing inflammation and consequently inhibiting structural damage, thereby preserving patient function and quality of life, are the primary goals of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy. Golimumab, a human, monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) agent, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of established RA, including sustained improvement of clinical signs and symptoms, physical function and health-related quality of life in the GO-FORWARD study of patients with RA and inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) therapy.1 2 In the analysis of GO-FORWARD radiographic data, minimal radiographic progression was observed in all treatment groups throughout the 24-week placebo-controlled period, possibly due to low levels of baseline disease activity. As a result, differences between the golimumab and placebo groups in the change in modified Sharp scores from baseline to week 24 were not statistically significant.3
While conventional radiographs remain the standard reference methods for assessing destructive skeletal changes in patients with RA, radiographs are inherently limited by the lack of ability to assess pre-erosive changes that precede damage to the osseous component of the joint, a stage of disease that had been thought to be irreversible.4 In addition to being much more sensitive in detecting joint erosions,5,–,10 MRI can also detect pre-erosive lesions (synovitis and osteitis). The areas of bone that appear as bone oedema or osteitis on MRI have been shown to be heavily infiltrated by inflammatory cells including osteoclasts,11 and MRI-detected synovitis and osteitis have been shown to increase the risk of developing new erosions over time as detected by either MRI or radiograph.12,–,19 Detection and treatment of pre-erosive lesions (synovitis and osteitis) can therefore significantly alter the course of RA.
Very few large, randomised RA trials have included MRI assessments of pre-erosive lesions. The GO-FORWARD study of golimumab in the treatment of patients with established RA therefore included an MRI substudy to evaluate the effects of this anti-TNFα agent on MRI-assessed RA pathology.
Patients and methods
The study design and patient inclusion criteria of the GO-FORWARD study have been published elsewhere.1 The overall GO-FORWARD study population consisted of patients (n=444) who had active RA despite MTX treatment. Patients were to have tolerated 15 mg/week or greater of MTX for at least 3 months before screening, with receipt of a stable MTX dose of 15 mg/week or greater but 25 mg/week or less during the 4-week period immediately preceding screening. A subset of the GO-FORWARD patients from eligible and willing sites participated in an MRI substudy (n=240).
The GO-FORWARD study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As such, all patients provided written informed consent before participating in the study.
Patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo injections plus MTX capsules (group 1), golimumab 100 mg injections plus placebo capsules (group 2), golimumab 50 mg injections plus MTX capsules (group 3) or golimumab 100 mg injections plus MTX capsules (group 4). Golimumab and placebo injections were administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. At week 16, patients with <20% improvement in both tender and swollen joint counts entered double-blind early escape, in which patients in group 1 received golimumab 50 mg plus MTX, patients in group 2 received golimumab 100 mg plus MTX, and patients in group 3 received golimumab 100 mg plus MTX. Patients in group 4 who met the criteria for early escape did not have their study medication adjusted. Patients in group 1 who did not enter early escape crossed over to golimumab 50 mg plus MTX at week 24. Thus, the duration of the placebo-comparator portion of the study was 24 weeks.
All patients at eligible (based on technical capabilities) and willing study sites participated in the MRI substudy. MRIs of the patient's dominant wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints were obtained at baseline and weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104 using 1.5T MRI with contrast enhancement. The MR sequences were as follows: axial T1 fast spin echo (FSE) precontrast, coronal T1 FSE precontrast, coronal short tau inversion recovery (STIR) (or T2 fat-suppressed precontrast) and coronal T1 fat-suppressed postcontrast. Additional details pertaining to the MRI procedure are provided in an online supplementary table. Results through week 24 are presented here. Images were scored by two independent readers blinded to image time point or sequence, patient identity and treatment group. Readers scored synovitis (0–9 for wrist joint, 0–21 for wrist plus MCP joints), bone oedema (osteitis) (0–69) and bone erosions (0–230), using the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Scoring (RAMRIS) system.20
Randomised patients at MRI substudy sites with at least one MRI image scored by at least one reader were included in the MRI analyses (intent-to-treat population). For each patient at each visit, an MRI score was calculated as the average of each MRI score provided by the two primary independent readers. If a RAMRIS score from one of the readers was missing, then the RAMRIS score from the other reader was used. If the score was missing for both readers at any given time point, the average score was considered missing.
For patients who met the early escape criteria at week 16 in groups 1, 2 or 3, the week 12 MRI RAMRIS scores were carried forward to week 24. The following missing data rules were applied for each RAMRIS score. (1) If the score was missing from baseline through week 12, the change score at week 12 was imputed using the median change from baseline score of all patients at week 12. (2) If the week 12 score was missing, the week 12 score was imputed using the last non-missing observation (including baseline score). (3) If the baseline RAMRIS score was missing, the change score at week 12 was imputed using the median change from baseline score of all patients at week 12. Sensitivity analyses conducted included evaluation of change from baseline to week 24 with no imputation rules (ie, including only the 151 of the 240 (63%) MRI substudy patients who received subcutaneous study agent through week 24 with no missed doses and no missing baseline or week 24 data for all three RAMRIS scores) and evaluation of the RAMRIS bone erosion score with linear extrapolation, which was undertaken for less than 37% of patients.
Changes from baseline to week 12 and week 24 in RAMRIS synovitis (wrist joints only in 240 patients and wrist plus MCP joints in 223 patients), bone oedema (osteitis) and bone erosion scores were compared between the treatment groups using a two-sided analysis of variance on the van der Waerden normal scores21 at a 0.05 level of significance. The primary comparison was between the combined golimumab plus MTX groups (golimumab 50 mg plus MTX and golimumab 100 mg plus MTX) and the placebo plus MTX group. If the results of this comparison were statistically significant, then the individual golimumab dose groups were also compared with the placebo plus MTX group. The study, however, was not powered for these individual golimumab dose group comparisons with the placebo plus MTX group, and the sample size in each individual golimumab group in the MRI substudy may not have been large enough for reliable statistical analyses. This work, therefore, focused on comparisons for the combined golimumab plus MTX versus placebo plus MTX groups.
To assess reader reliability, images of 10% of patients were randomly selected and re-read by each of the two readers. Inter-reader reliability and read-reread (intrareader) reliability coefficients (IRRC and RRRC, respectively) were estimated using the week 24 RAMRIS synovitis (wrist joints), bone erosion and bone oedema scores.22
Results
Of the 444 patients randomised to treatment in the GO-FORWARD study, 240 participated in the GO-FORWARD MRI substudy, including 72 patients in the placebo plus MTX, 72 in the golimumab 100 mg plus placebo, 47 in the golimumab 50 mg plus MTX, and 49 in the golimumab 100 mg plus MTX groups. The proportions of MRI substudy patients who met the early escape criteria (8–28%; figure 1) were consistent with those for the overall GO-FORWARD population (11–31%) (data not shown).1 Twenty of the 240 patients missed one or more MRI assessment visits, and all but one of the 240 patients had their MRI images scored by both readers.
Patient disposition in the GO-FORWARD MRI substudy. MTX, methotrexate.
Baseline demographics and disease characteristics of the MRI substudy patients were generally well balanced across the randomised treatment groups, with the exception of lower mean baseline RAMRIS synovitis (wrist plus MCP), bone erosion and bone oedema (osteitis) scores in the golimumab 100 mg plus MTX group and a lower mean baseline C reactive protein (CRP) concentration in the placebo plus MTX group (table 1). Baseline characteristics were also consistent with the baseline characteristics of the overall GO-FORWARD patient population.1 Mean baseline RAMRIS bone erosion scores ranged from 22.1 to 25.5, and mean duration of disease ranged from 8.0 to 9.5 years. Low levels of active inflammation, as evidenced by median CRP concentrations ranging from 0.6 (placebo plus MTX group) to 1.0 mg/dl (golimumab 100 mg plus placebo group), were observed across all randomised treatment groups (table 1).
Baseline clinical characteristics for patients in the GO-FORWARD MRI substudy
The IRRCs (inter-reader reliability) and RRRCs (intrareader reliability) based on week 24 RAMRIS scores were 0.96 and 0.99, respectively, for bone erosion scores; 0.89 and 0.94, respectively, for bone oedema scores; and 0.77 and 0.84, respectively, for synovitis.
Changes in RAMRIS scores from baseline to weeks 12 and 24 are summarised in table 2. At week 12, significant improvements in the RAMRIS wrist plus MCP synovitis (−1.77 vs −0.15, p<0.001) and RAMRIS bone oedema (−2.00 vs 0.19, p=0.003) scores, but not in the RAMRIS bone erosion scores, were observed in the combined golimumab plus MTX group relative to the placebo plus MTX group, respectively (table 2, figure 2). The IRRC and RRRCs for changes from baseline to week 24 were 0.80 and 0.73, respectively, for erosion, 0.81 and 0.73, respectively, for oedema, and 0.80 and 0.74, respectively, for synovitis.
Changes from baseline to weeks 12 and 24 in synovitis (wrist plus metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints (A), bone oedema (osteitis) (B) and bone erosion (C)). Each graph shows the mean (solid horizontal line), median (dotted horizontal line) and IQR (grey bars) for changes from baseline for each treatment group. P values are for the comparison of each golimumab treatment group with placebo using analysis of variance on the van der Waerden normal scores, with *, ** and *** indicating p<0.05, <0.01 and <0.001, respectively. GLM, golimumab; MTX, methotrexate; PBO, placebo; RAMRIS, OMERACT Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Score.
Summary of changes from baseline to weeks 12 and 24 in RAMRIS scores
Similar response patterns were observed at week 24, with maintenance of the significant improvements in the RAMRIS wrist plus MCP synovitis (−1.91 vs −0.38, p<0.001) and bone oedema (−1.74 vs 0.71, p=0.004) scores in the combined golimumab plus MTX group relative to the placebo plus MTX group. Differences in the change from baseline to week 24 in RAMRIS bone erosion scores between the combined golimumab plus MTX and placebo plus MTX groups were not statistically significant. The percent changes from baseline to week 24 in RAMRIS synovitis (wrist plus MCP), bone oedema and bone erosion scores were −27.0%, −15.8% and +3.3%, respectively, in the combined golimumab plus MTX groups and +5.3%, +57.6% and +1.0%, respectively, in the placebo plus MTX group.
Results of week 24 sensitivity analyses, including an analysis based on 153/240 (64%) patients with no missing data as well as evaluation of the RAMRIS bone erosion score with linear extrapolation (implemented for <36% of all substudy patients), were largely supportive of the results obtained in the primary analyses of RAMRIS scores (table 2, figure 2).
MRIs from a representative patient who was randomised to receive golimumab 100 mg plus placebo at baseline, week 12 and week 24 are shown in figure 3. Coronal STIR images (figure 3A–C) show that extensive bone oedema in many wrist bones at baseline (figure 3A) was markedly decreased at week 12 (figure 3B) and nearly resolved at week 24 (figure 3C). Corresponding postcontrast T1-weighted images with fat suppression (figure 3D–F) show substantial synovitis at baseline (figure 3D) that was markedly reduced at week 12 (figure 3E) and almost resolved at week 24 (figure 3F). Precontrast T1-weighted images without fat suppression (figure 3G–I) show no progression of bone erosion during the 24-week follow-up period.
MRI of the wrist at baseline (A, D, G), week 12 (B, E, H) and week 24 (C, F, I) of a patient randomised to receive golimumab 100 mg plus placebo. Coronal short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images (A–C) show extensive bone oedema at baseline (A). The bone oedema has markedly decreased at week 12 (B) and has nearly resolved at week 24 (C). Corresponding postcontrast T1-weighted images with fat suppression (D–F) show substantial synovitis at baseline (D) and markedly reduced synovitis at week 12 (E) and week 24 (F). Precontrast T1-weighted images without fat suppression (G–I) show no progression of bone erosion during the 24-week follow-up period. Note: Series of consecutive images were evaluated; the images displayed here are representative but not exhaustive.
Discussion
We evaluated a large MRI substudy of the GO-FORWARD trial, a randomised, controlled study in which the efficacy and safety of golimumab were assessed in patients with active RA despite MTX therapy. Serial measurements of synovitis, bone oedema (osteitis) and bone erosion were obtained using the RAMRIS system, which has demonstrated very good reliability and a high level of sensitivity to change.23 We also observed good inter-reader and intrareader reliability for the pathological features scored. Results of this MRI substudy demonstrated that patients who received golimumab plus MTX had improvements in synovitis and osteitis that exceeded those observed with receipt of placebo plus MTX as early as week 12 and continuing through week 24. Results of sensitivity analyses were largely supportive of the primary analyses.
The GO-FORWARD study results pertaining to signs and symptoms, safety and radiographic data have been reported previously.1,–,3 These results demonstrated that the addition of golimumab to MTX in patients with active RA despite MTX therapy significantly reduced the signs and symptoms of RA and improved physical function, while yielding a safety profile consistent with those of other anti-TNF agents. The minimal radiographic progression observed across all treatment groups through the 24-week placebo-controlled phase of GO-FORWARD, which was likely to have been related to the low levels of baseline active inflammation (as assessed by CRP levels), precluded adequate assessment of golimumab's effect on radiographic progression in these patients with established RA.3 It has been noted that the severity of overall disease and joint damage in the population of RA patients recruited into clinical studies may be decreasing over time,24 and patients with low CRP levels are known to have less radiographic progression over time than those with high CRP levels.25 As discussed in detail by Emery and colleagues,3 it is likely that CRP, as a marker of active inflammation in RA, is a more important predictor of radiographic progression than baseline radiographic score since radiographic damage is less likely to progress if there is no active inflammation, regardless of the level of damage at baseline. For instance, RA patients with an inadequate response to MTX in the RAPID1 study of certolizumab26 had median baseline CRP levels of ∼1.6 mg/dl, compared with ∼0.9 mg/dl in the current study. Despite having similar levels of radiographic damage at baseline, with modified Sharp scores of ∼35 in GO-FORWARD and ∼39 in RAPID1, the average change in modified Sharp score (ie, progression) observed from baseline to week 24 was greater in the control group of RAPID1 (1.3) than in group 1 of GO-FORWARD (0.6).3 26 Also of note, in a different golimumab MRI substudy, conducted in MTX-naive RA patients, median baseline CRP levels were higher (1.1–1.5 mg/dl) than in the current study of MTX-experienced patients (0.6–1.0 mg/dl) and the difference between the placebo plus MTX and combined golimumab plus MTX groups for RAMRIS erosion change scores was statistically significant.27
MRI has been shown to be more sensitive to changes in bone erosions than radiographs.5,–,10 Thus, the expectation was that MRI would detect a difference among the GO-FORWARD treatment groups in the progression of bone erosion despite the fact that radiographic evaluation could not.3 The fact that only minimal progression of bone erosion was observed even with MRI confirms that these patients did indeed have minimal progression in structural damage during the 6-month study period. However, the fact that golimumab plus MTX has been shown to significantly improve pre-erosive inflammation, which is predictive of future bone erosion,12,–,19 relative to placebo plus MTX is very important, especially in light of the low levels of baseline disease activity observed in this particular patient population. All patients in the GO-FORWARD study receive golimumab treatment beyond 6 months, and it is expected that the beneficial effects of golimumab plus MTX on synovitis and bone oedema (osteitis) may prevent further progression of structural damage. While some low level MRI-documented progression of erosions was observed in terms of mean change in patients treated with golimumab 100 mg monotherapy, it is possible that this change was within the measurement error given the range of scores for this scale.
As discussed, the RA patient population enrolled in this study actually had a low degree of active inflammation and thus minimal radiographic (erosion and joint space narrowing) progression. This may have limited evaluation of golimumab's effect on RAMRIS erosion scores.3 The limited radiographic progression observed in this study is not unique to golimumab. In an evaluation of 51 RA patients receiving adalimumab plus MTX combination therapy, no overall erosive progression or repair occurred, whereas repair of individual erosions was documented on MRI, and MRI and ultrasonography synovitis decreased.28 In a separate study, progression to radiographic erosion occurred rarely in a cohort of 50 RA patients exposed to potent disease-suppressing therapies that included TNF inhibitors, MTX and leflunomide.29 Another possible limitation to this study is that it does represent a subpopulation of the larger trial; however, the populations in each treatment arm reflected the characteristics of the full trial groups. While the responsiveness of the RAMRIS score, especially in terms of assessing erosive disease, requires further evaluation, at present this semi-quantitative score remains the standard for assessing RA MRI trials.
Overall, results of the GO-FORWARD MRI substudy have demonstrated a significant reduction in pre-erosive lesions (synovitis and osteitis) using golimumab plus MTX compared with MTX alone, even in this study population with low levels of disease activity. MRI allows measurement of inflammatory lesions such as osteitis and synovitis, as well as erosions, and thus is an important tool for objectively evaluating the effect of newer compounds on disease activity in future clinical trials enrolling patient populations with relatively lower disease activity.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the patients, investigators and study personnel who made these trials possible. The authors also thank Michelle Perate, MS of Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., who helped prepare the manuscript.
References
Supplementary materials
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Footnotes
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Funding This study was funded by Centocor Research and Development, Inc. and Schering Plough Research Institute, Inc.
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Competing interests PGC has received consulting fees, speaking fees and/or research grants from Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Centocor, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, Novartis, Roche and Pfizer. PE has received consulting fees, speaking fees and/or research grants from Abbott Laboratories, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Centocor, Roche, Pfizer, UCB and Merck, Sharpe and Dohme. MCG has received grant support from, and served as a consultant to, Johnson & Johnson, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ. ECK has received consulting fees, speaking fees and/or research grants from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Centocor, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genentech Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Schering-Plough Corporation, UCB and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. MØ has received consulting fees, speaking fees and/or research grants from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Centocor, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Schering-Plough Corporation, UCB and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ECH and WX are employees of Centocor, a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, Inc. (J&J) and own stock in J&J. MUR was formerly (during the conduct of this study) employed by Centocor R&D Inc. Currently he is employed by Pfizer, Inc. and owns J&J and Pfizer stocks.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.