This paper discusses the potent cytokines and mediators in the context of:(1) physiological
remodelling in gingiva and alveolar bone;(2) crosstalk between immunity and bone …

Chronic inflammatory processes close to bone often lead to loss of bone in diseases such as
rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, loosened joint prosthesis and tooth implants. This is …

WNT s are extracellular proteins that activate different cell surface receptors linked to
canonical and noncanonical WNT signalling pathways. The Wnt genes were originally …

The gut microbiota modulates host metabolism and development of immune status. Here we
show that the gut microbiota is also a major regulator of bone mass in mice. Germ‐free (GF) …

Abstract IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and oncostatin M (OSM) are IL-6-type
cytokines that stimulate osteoclast formation and function. In the present study, the resorptive …

Development of osteoporosis severely complicates long-term glucocorticoid (GC) therapy.
Using a Cre-transgenic mouse line, we now demonstrate that GCs are unable to repress …

The WNT16 locus is a major determinant of cortical bone thickness and nonvertebral
fracture risk in humans. The disability, mortality and costs caused by osteoporosis-induced …

Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) knockout (ko) mice manifest defects in
bone mineralization that mimic the phenotypic abnormalities of infantile hypophosphatasia …

Vitamin A (retinol) is ingested as either retinyl esters or carotenoids and metabolized to
active compounds such as 11-cis-retinal, which is important for vision, and all-trans-retinoic …

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific polykaryon bone-resorbing cells derived from the monocyte/
macrophage hematopoietic lineage with specialized functions required for the adhesion of …