The activation and expansion of naïve T cells require costimulatory signals provided by
CD28 and TNF family members. In contrast, for many years it was believed that memory T …

Objective. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor
necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods …

The recent success of cancer immunotherapies has highlighted the benefit of harnessing the
immune system for cancer treatment. Vaccines have a long history of promoting immunity to …

Cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including HIV infection.
However, the role of the cytokine network in early HIV infection is only now starting to be …

One of the earliest events in programmed cell death is the externalization of
phosphatidylserine, a membrane phospholipid normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the …

Summary PD-1/PD-L1-checkpoint blockade therapy is generally thought to relieve tumor cell-
mediated suppression in the tumor microenvironment but PD-L1 is also expressed on non …

The presence and the role of interleukin 10 (IL-10), a potent cytokine synthesis inhibitory
factor and antiinflammatory cytokine, were investigated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The …

Structured abstract for full paper Background After recovery from COVID-19, most patients
have anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Their convalescent plasma could be an …

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) of T lymphocytes has been proposed as a mechanism
which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) …

We found upregulation of expression of the microRNA miR-155 in primary effector and
effector memory CD8+ T cells, but low miR-155 expression in naive and central memory …