The pro-inflammatory signalling pathways and cellular mechanisms that initiate the inflammatory response have become increasingly well characterized. However, little is known about the mediators and mechanisms that switch off inflammation. Recent data indicate that the resolution of inflammation is an active process controlled by endogenous mediators that suppress pro-inflammatory gene expression and cell trafficking, as well as induce inflammatory-cell apoptosis and phagocytosis, which are crucial determinants of successful resolution. This review focuses on this emerging area of inflammation research and describes the mediators and mechanisms that are currently stealing the headlines.