1Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders
Section snippets
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders
The prevalence and incidence of a series of MSK disorders reported in population-based epidemiological studies were systematically reviewed and published [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. In the GBD 2010 Study, extensive systematic reviews of the prevalence of each of the MSK disorders (knee and hip OA, RA, LPB, NP, gout and other MSK disorders) were conducted from the years 1980 to 2009 ∗[3], ∗[4], ∗[5], ∗[6], ∗[9], ∗[10]. Searches were carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CAB
Disability related to MSK disorders
DALY is the standard metric used to measure the overall burden of diseases [31]. DALY consists of fatal and non-fatal components, namely years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and YLDs, respectively. Disability weights (DWs) are required to derive the YLDs. Together with the description of disability related to all MSK disorders, these interrelated units of measurement used to quantify the disability are briefly explained.
Role of pain in disability
The experience of episodes of site-specific pain, defined by the average duration (number of hours per episode) and average frequency (number of days per week that these episodes were experienced), was used in the MSK health-state descriptions that were used to derive DWs and calculate YLDs for all of the common MSK conditions identified by systematic reviews of the epidemiological literature. There was significant variability in population studies in defining and characterising the course of
Contribution of low BMD to falls and fractures
In the GBD 2010 Study, low BMD was defined as a risk factor and grouped within the MSK disorders. The contribution of low BMD to the burden of fractures due to falls was limited to populations aged 50 years or older, as osteoporotic fractures have little burden at younger ages in the general population [7]. Fractures due to osteoporosis formed a proportion of the global burden from falls. This proportion, however, was likely to be significantly underestimated, influenced by a number of aspects
Costs associated with MSK disorders
MSK disorders have a great cost to individuals and society through the associated disability as well as health-care needs. Most costs are associated with their impact on activities of daily living, in particular on productive work along with the need for social support rather than health-care costs. The costs of support may be borne by the welfare system or by family and carers depending on systems of social care. The costs are easiest to quantify when the health and social costs are borne by
Predictions of increasing MSK disability with demographic changes and socio-economic impact
From 1990 to 2010, the burden attributable to MSK disorders increased by 46%. This increase in DALYs was relatively consistent across MSK conditions (range: 41–64%), except for ‘other MSK conditions’, which increased by 13%.Empty Cell Global Developing countries Developed countries 1990 2010 % increase 1990 2010 % increase 1990 2010 % increase
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