Primary Sjögren's syndrome—clinical and laboratory markers of disease activity

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Abstract

Primary Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the lacrimal and salivary glands, reflecting general involvement of the exocrine tissues and leading to functional impairment. This polyglandular disease is often associated with systemic extraglandular manifestations, and laboratory tests usually indicate polyclonal Blymphocyte hyperactivity. Clinical and laboratory markers monitoring the disease processes are needed for improved management of primary Sjögren's syndrome. However, incomplete knowledge of the long-term course of inflammation as well as of clinical manifestations makes precise and simple directions for monitoring disease activity in primary Sjögren's syndrome difficult. This review describes potential primary (eg, salivary gland histopathology, autoantibodies, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, and β2 microglobulin) and secondary disease activity markers (clinical and laboratory signs of glandular and extraglandular organ damage) and their known associations. The importance of genetic characteristics, patient age, and symptom duration for the disease activity markers is indicated. The systematic use of primary and secondary disease activity markers will improve our understanding of primary Sjögren's syndrome and help create better guidelines for monitoring the disease.

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    Supported by the Danish Medical Research Council.

    1

    From the Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.

    2

    The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine TTA, Rigshospitalet, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

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