Abstract
Many consensus meetings were organized in an attempt to improve the present criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) classification. In this regard, a high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients was reported in association with the presence of livedo reticularis (LR). In these studies, the association between LR, migraine, and the development of thrombosis (strokes, valvular dysfunctions) was evident. During the last decade, it was strongly suggested that many clinical symptoms (LR, valvular dysfunctions) or laboratory features (thrombocytopenia) should be considered as “minor criteria” for APS. The inclusion of these clinical symptoms in the criteria for APS classification could become of additive value especially when they exist together in one patient. This review summarizes the data that question or support this idea.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kraemer M, Linden D, Berlit P (2005) The spectrum of differential diagnosis in neurological patients with livedo reticularis and livedo racemosa. A literature review. J Neurol 252:1155–1166
Frances C, Papo T, Wechsler B, Laporte JL, Biousse V, Piette JC (1999) Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. A comparative study in 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 78:209–219
Sneddon IB (1965) Cerebro-vascular lesions and livedo reticularis. Br J Dermatol 77:180–185
Tietjen GE, Gottwald L, Al-Qasmi MM, Gunda P, Khuder SA (2002) Migraine is associated with livedo reticularis: a prospective study. Headache 42:263–267
Tietjen GE, Al-Qasmi MM, Shukairy MS (2002) Livedo reticularis and migraine: a marker for stroke risk? Headache 42:352–355
Golden AL (1963) Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 299–302
Ansari A, Larson PH, Bates HD (1985) Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: current perspective. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27:421–434
Hughes GRV (1984) Connective tissue disease and the skin. The prosser-white oration 1983. Clin Exp Dermatol 9:535–537
Baguley E, Asherson RA, Hughes GR (1988) Anticardiolipin antibodies, livedo reticularis, and cerebrovascular accidents in SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 47:702–703
Alarcon-Segovia D, Sanchez-Guerrero J (1989) Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 16:482–488
Galeazzi M, Morozzi G, Sebastiani GD, Bellisai F, Marcolongo R, Cervera R et al (1998) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in 566 European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, clinical associations and correlation with other autoantibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 16:541–546
Mc Hugh MJ, Maymo J, Skinner RP et al (1988) Anticardiolipin antibodies, livedo reticularis and major cerebrovascular and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 47(2):110–115
Englert HJ, Loizou S, Liu X et al (1989) Clinical and immunologic features of livedo reticularis in lupus: a case-control study. Am J Med 87:408–410
Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, Khmashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT et al (2002) Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 46:1019–1027
Shoenfeld Y, Lev S, Blatt I, Blank M, Font J, von Landenberg P et al (2004) Features associated with epilepsy in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 31:1344–1348
Gomez-Puerta JA, Martin H, Amigo MC, Aguirre MA, Camps MT, Cuadrado MJ et al (2005) Long-term follow-up in 128 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: do they develop lupus? Medicine (Baltimore) 84:225–230
Krause I, Blank M, Fraser A, Lorber M, Stojanovich L, Rovensky J, Shoenfeld Y (2005) The association of thrombocytopenia with systemic manifestations in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunobiology 210:749–754
Toubi E, Krause I, Fraser A, Lev S, Stojanovich L, Rovensky J, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Livedo reticularis is a marker for predicting multi-system thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 23:499–504
Frances C, Niang S, Laffitte E, Pelletier F, Costedoat N, Piette JC (2005) Dermatologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 52:1785–1793
Piette JC (1987) Towards improved criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2:S149–S157
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, Lockshin MD, Branch DW, Piette JC et al (1999) International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 42:1309–1311
Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Schartzman S (2000) Validation of the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 43:440–443
Weber M, Hayem G, Meyer O (2001) The Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: comments on the article by Lockshin et al. Arthritis Rheum 44:1965–1966
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Piette JC (2001) International classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: synopsis of a post-conference workshop held at the Ninth International (Tours) aPL Symposium. Lupus 10:457–460
Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erken D, Boffa MC, Piette JC et al (2003) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 12:530–534
Vinatier D, Dufour P, Cosson M, Houpeau JL (2001) Antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent miscarriages. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 96:37–50
Sebire NJ, Backos M, El Gaddal S, Goldin RD, Regan L (2003) Placental pathology, antiphospholipid antibodies, and pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients. Obstet Gynecol 101:258–263
Macchi L, Rispal P, Clofent-Sanchez G, Pellegrin JL, Nurden P, Leng B, Nurden AT (1997) Anti-platelet antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: their relationship with the observed thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 98:336–341
Gleason CB, Stoddard MF, Wagner SG, Longaker RA, Pierangel S, Harris EN (1993) A comparison of cardiac valvular involvement in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome versus anticardiolipin-negative systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Heart J 125:1123–1129
Ghirardello A, Doria A, Ruffatti A, Rigoli AM, Vesco P, Calligaro A, Gambari PF (1994) Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in systemic lupus erythematosus. Are they specific tools for the diagnosis of aPL syndrome? Ann Rheum Dis 53:140–142
Yetman DL, Kutten WH (1996) Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fertil Steril 66:540–546
Bizzaro N, Tonutti E, Villalta D, Tampoia M, Tozzoli R (2005) Prevalence and clinical correlation of anti-phospholipid-binding protein antibodies in anti-cardiolipin-negative patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129:61–68.
Bruce IN, Clark-Soloninka CA, Spitzer KA, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Laskin CA (2000) Prevalence of antibodies to betta2-glycoprotein I in systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome criteria: a single center study and literature review. J Rheumatol 27:2833–2837
Lackner KJ, Peetz D, von Landenberg P (2006) Revision of the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome—coming to grips with evidence and Thomas Bayes? Thromb Haemost 95:917–919
Walker ID, Greaves M, Preston FE (2001) Haemostasis and thrombosis task force. British Committee for standards in haematology. Investigation and management of heritable thrombophilia. Br J Haematol 114:512–528
Miyakis S, Lockshim MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cevera R et al (2006) International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 4:295–306
Sangle S, DÇruz DP, Hughes GR (2005) Livedo reticularis and pregnancy morbidity in patients negative for antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 64:147–148
Balada E, Ordi-Ros J, Paredes F, Villarreal J, Mauri M, Vilardell-Tarres M (2001) Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies contribute to the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 30:235–241
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Toubi, E., Shoenfeld, Y. Livedo Reticularis as a Criterion for Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 32, 138–144 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-0004-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-0004-0