Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis of factors associated with COVID-19 severity (primary model, all patients)
| N total | 5045 | |||
| N deaths/hospitalisations without death/neither | 89/736/4220 | |||
| N deaths/hospitalisations without death/neither | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Male sex (vs female) | 57/419/2130 | 1.54 | 1.30 | 1.83 |
| Pandemic time period | ||||
| Until 15 June 2020 | 45/395/1285 | 1 | (Reference) | |
| 16 June 2020–31 December 2020 | 28/217/2018 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.51 |
| 1 January 2021 and later | 16/124/917 | 0.52 | 0.41 | 0.67 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension alone (vs no hypertension, no CVD) | 28/242/847 | 1.25 | 1.01 | 1.55 |
| CVD alone (vs no hypertension, no CVD) | 7/38/76 | 1.87 | 1.21 | 2.90 |
| CVD and hypertension (vs no hypertension, no CVD) | 21/63/136 | 1.41 | 0.98 | 2.02 |
| COPD or asthma | 21/87/257 | 1.75 | 1.33 | 2.31 |
| Other lung disease | 11/34/55 | 2.54 | 1.64 | 3.93 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14/42/46 | 2.32 | 1.50 | 3.58 |
| Obesity alone (vs no obesity, no diabetes) | 11/138/676 | 1.35 | 1.07 | 1.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus alone (vs no obesity, no diabetes) | 15/102/212 | 1.84 | 1.38 | 2.45 |
| Obesity and diabetes mellitus (vs no obesity, no diabetes) | 14/61/162 | 1.89 | 1.34 | 2.68 |
| Cancer and known smoking habits (vs no cancer, never smoked) | 4/29/57 | 1.13 | 0.68 | 1.88 |
| Cancer and unknown smoking habits (vs no cancer, never smoked) | 5/7/13 | 2.89 | 1.19 | 6.97 |
| No cancer and ever smoked or unknown smoking habits (vs no cancer, never smoked) | 38/281/1933 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 1.06 |
| Rheumatic disease | ||||
| Psoriatic arthritis | 51/392/1850 | 1 | (Reference) | |
| Axial spondyloarthritis | 26/229/1576 | 1.07 | 0.86 | 1.33 |
| Psoriasis (without arthritis) | 12/115/794 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.65 |
| Medication | ||||
| No DMARD therapy | 21/128/573 | 1 | (Reference) | |
| Antimalarials | 0/4/14 | 1.08 | 0.30 | 3.84 |
| Methotrexate | 13/133/449 | 1.03 | 0.76 | 1.40 |
| Leflunomide | 2/16/42 | 1.08 | 0.55 | 2.11 |
| Sulfasalazine | 12/32/136 | 1.41 | 0.91 | 2.17 |
| Cyclosporine | 0/1/18 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 2.47 |
| TNF inhibitors | 24/248/2026 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
| IL-17 inhibitors | 2/88/520 | 0.62 | 0.45 | 0.87 |
| IL-23/IL-12+23 inhibitors | 5/58/344 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.98 |
| JAK inhibitors | 7/10/45 | 1.58 | 0.83 | 3.01 |
| Apremilast | 3/18/58 | 1.04 | 0.57 | 1.91 |
| Disease activity (DA) and glucocorticoids (GCs) | ||||
| Remission/low DA, no GCs | 57/516/3358 | 1 | (Reference) | |
| Remission/low DA, GCs | 13/59/177 | 1.97 | 1.39 | 2.79 |
| Moderate/high DA, no GCs | 15/130/604 | 1.39 | 1.09 | 1.76 |
| Moderate/high DA, GCs | 5/32/82 | 2.23 | 1.39 | 3.58 |
| NSAIDs | 16/151/1072 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.98 |
Results for ordinal mixed effects logistic regression analysis in all patients (primary model). Shown are fixed effects, random effects for country are not shown. Missing values are imputed via multiple imputation, patient numbers may thus be rounded. The model was additionally adjusted for age employing four-knot restricted cubic splines. Significant associations highlighted in bold.
bDMARD, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; csDMARD, conventional synthetic DMARD; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; N, number; NSAID, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; tsDMARD, targeted synthetic DMARD.