Diabetes, outcomes of observational studies
| Study ID | Registry | Type of ratio | Ref category | Exposure definition | Adjusted | RoB |
| Movahedi et al 2016 Arthritis Rheumatol51 | CPRD and NDB | aHR | No GC use | CPRD | unclear | |
| Ever GC use | 1.35 (1.22; 1.48) | |||||
| Current GC use | 1.30 (1.17; 1.45) | |||||
| Current GC dosage (5 mg/day) | 1.25 (1.19; 1.31) | |||||
| Current GC dose 0–4.9 mg/day | 1.06 (0.87; 1.28) | |||||
| 5–9.9 mg/day | 1.16 (1.00; 1.34) | |||||
| 10–19.9 mg/day | 1.97 (1.61; 2.40) | |||||
| ≥20 mg/day | 3.19 (2.22; 4.58) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose last year per 1000 mg | 1.22 (1.17; 1.28) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose since cohort entry per 1000 mg | 1.02 (1.01; 1.03) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose since cohort entry 0–959.9 mg | 1.23 (1.08; 1.40) | |||||
| 960–3054.9 mg | 1.41 (1.22; 1.62) | |||||
| 3055–7298.9 mg | 1.35 (1.15; 1.57) | |||||
| ≥7299 mg | 1.53 (1.30; 1.79) | |||||
| NDB | ||||||
| Ever GC use | 1.42 (1.22; 1.66) | |||||
| Current GC use | 1.61 (1.37; 1.89) | |||||
| Current GC dosage (5 mg/day) | 1.30 (1.21; 1.38) | |||||
| Current GC dose 0–4.9 mg/day | 1.07 (0.80; 1.40) | |||||
| 5–9.9 mg/day | 1.58 (1.30; 1.93) | |||||
| 10–19.9 mg/day | 2.24 (1.72; 2.93) | |||||
| ≥20 mg/day | 3.06 (1.90; 4.91) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose last year per 1000 mg | 1.19 (1.14; 1.24) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose since cohort entry per 1000 mg | 1.03 (1.02; 1.05) | |||||
| Cumulative GC dose since cohort entry 0–959.9 mg | 1.21 (0.97; 1.51) | |||||
| 960–3054.9 mg | 1.36 (1.08; 1.70) | |||||
| 3055–7298.9 mg | 1.68 (1.35; 2.11) | |||||
| ≥7299 mg | 1.67 (1.31; 2.12) | |||||
| Suda et al 2018 Clin Rheumatol29 | Hospital chart review | N events | Daily GC dosing | 2 (2.9%) | high | |
| Alternate daily GC dosing | 1 (1.4%), p=0.54 | |||||
| Wilson et al 2019 Arthritis Care Res27 | CPRD | aOR | No GC use | No GC use | Ref | high |
| GC use | 1.33 (1.14; 1.56) | |||||
| Past GC use | 1.09 (0.91; 1.29) | |||||
| Current GC use | 2.24 (1.76; 2.83) | |||||
| Cumulative dose <700 mg | 1.14 (1.00; 1.53) | |||||
| 700 to <3500 | 1.35 (1.08; 1.69) | |||||
| 3500 to <7000 | 1.39 (1.03; 1.88) | |||||
| ≥7000 | 1.53 (1.12; 2.10) | |||||
| Wu et al 2020 BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care52 | CPRD | aHR | No GC use | Ever GC use | 1.41 (1.29; 1.54) | unclear |
| Current GC use | 2.01 (1.84; 2.20) | |||||
| Current daily dose per 5 mg/day | 1.03 (1.02; 1.04) | |||||
| Current daily dose >0–4.9 mg/day | 1.66 (1.37; 2.02) | |||||
| 5.0–14.9 mg/day | 1.90 (1.71; 2.12) | |||||
| 15.0–24.9 mg/day | 3.07 (2.28; 4.14) | |||||
| ≥25.0 mg/day | 4.00 (3.08; 5.21) | |||||
| Cumulative dose per 1000 mg | 1.02 (1.01; 1.02) | |||||
| Cumulative dose 1.0–959.9 mg | 1.17 (1.04; 1.32) | |||||
| 960.0–3054.9 mg | 1.44 (1.25; 1.65) | |||||
| 3055.0–7299.9 mg | 1.58 (1.8; 1.82) | |||||
| ≥7300 mg | 1.61 (1.42; 1.81) |
Bold indicates statistically significant results at p<0.05.
aHR, adjusted HR; aOR, adjusted OR; GC, glucocorticoid; RoB, risk of bias.