Demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of 36 patients with sarcoidosis and COVID-19
| Characteristics | All (n=36) n (%) | Admitted in ICU (n=13) n (%) | Not admitted in ICU (n=23) n (%) |
| Age at sarcoidosis diagnosis (years), median (range) | 38.5 (21–74) | 39 (30–61) | 38 (21–74) |
| Age at COVID-19 diagnosis (years), median (range) | 54.5 (26–100) | 55 (36–100) | 51 (26–90) |
| Sex (female/male) | 10/26 | 03/10/20 | 7/16 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (range) | 26.4 (12.6–38.4) | 25.0 (12.6–38.4) | 26.1 (19.5–35.2) |
| Active smoker | 4 (11) | 2 (15) | 2 (9) |
| Past smoker | 9 (25) | 4 (31) | 5 (22) |
| Overweight | 13 (36) | 3 (23) | 10 (43) |
| Obesity | 7 (19) | 3 (23) | 4 (17) |
| Chronic comorbidities | |||
| COPD | 2 (6) | 1 (8) | 1 (4) |
| Diabetes | 12 (33) | 8 (62) | 4 (17) |
| With insulin | 5 (14) | 4 (31) | 1 (4) |
| Hypertension | 14 (39) | 6 (46) | 8 (35) |
| Malignant tumour | 2 (6) | 1 (8) | 1 (4) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (14) | 3 (23) | 2 (9) |
| Dialysis | 1 (3) | 1 (8) | 0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3 (8) | 2 (15) | 1 (4) |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 3 (8) | 0 | 3 (13) |
| History of thrombosis | 1 (3) | 1 (8) | 0 |
| Organ transplantation | 2 (6) | 0 | 2 (9) |
| Sarcoidosis involvement | |||
| Pulmonary | 35 (97) | 13 (100) | 22 (96) |
| Intrathoracic lymph nodes | 32 (89) | 11 (85) | 21 (91) |
| ILD | 26 (72) | 10 (77) | 16 (70) |
| Lung fibrosis | 12 (33) | 5 (38) | 7 (30) |
| Skin | 6 (17) | 2 (15) | 4 (17) |
| Peripheral lymph nodes | 5 (14) | 2 (15) | 3 (13) |
| Liver | 7 (19) | 5 (38) | 2 (9) |
| Heart | 4 (11) | 2 (15) | 2 (9) |
| CNS | 7 (19) | 3 (23) | 4 (17) |
| PNS | 3 (8) | 2 (15) | 1 (4) |
| Kidney | 3 (8) | 2 (15) | 1 (4) |
| Löfgren syndrome | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) |
| Treatments at the time of COVID-19 | |||
| Corticosteroids | 25 (69) | 11 (85) | 14 (61) |
| Daily dose, median (range) | 7.8 (5–50) | 7.5 (5–50) | 8 (5–35) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 3 (8) | 0 | 3 (13) |
| Methotrexate* | 8 (22) | 4 (31) | 4 (17) |
| MMF* | 3 (8) | 1 (8) | 2 (9) |
| Azathioprine* | 3 (8) | 1 (8) | 2 (9) |
| TNF-alpha antagonist* | 6 (17) | 1 (8) | 5 (22) |
| Signs and symptoms at diagnosis | |||
| Fever | 24 (67) | 12 (92) | 12 (52) |
| Cough | 29 (81) | 11 (85) | 18 (78) |
| Shortness of breath | 24 (67) | 11 (85) | 13 (57) |
| Anosmia | 9 (25) | 0 | 9 (39) |
| Dysgeusia | 7 (19) | 0 | 7 (30) |
| Diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting | 10 (28) | 2 (15) | 8 (35) |
| RT-PCR positive | 31/33 (94) | 12/13 (92) | 19/20 (95) |
| Serology positive | 3/3 (100) | 0/0 (0) | 3/3 (100) |
| Chest CT findings: extension of GGO and/or consolidation | |||
| Chest CT performed | 27 (75) | 11 (85) | 16 (70) |
| None | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 |
| Minor | 5 (19) | 0 | 5 (22) |
| Moderate | 9 (33) | 5 (45) | 4 (17) |
| Severe | 11 (41) | 5 (45) | 6 (23) |
| Missing data | 1 (4) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) |
| Treatments for COVID-19 | |||
| Antiviral | 4 (11) | 4 (31) | 0 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 5 (14) | 3 (23) | 2 (9) |
| Steroids | 7 (19) | 4 (31) | 3 (13) |
| Management | |||
| Admission to hospital | 28 (78) | 13 (100) | 15 (65) |
| Admission in ICU | 13 (36) | 13 (100) | 0 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (11) | 4 (31) | 0 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Deaths | 5 (14) | 4 (31) | 1 (4) |
| Thrombosis | 3 (8) | 2 (15) | 1 (4) |
| Acute kidney injury | 3 (8) | 2 (15) | 1 (4) |
| Bacterial infection | 5 (14) | 3 (23) | 2 (9) |
*All patients with methotrexate, MMF, azathioprine and/or TNF-alpha antagonists also received corticosteroids.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockade; BMI, body mass index; CNS, central nervous system; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GGO, ground glass opacity; ICU, intensive care unit; ILD, interstitial lung disease; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; PNS, peripheral nervous system; RT, reverse transcription; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.