Pts | Gender/age (years) | Chronic medical illness | Daily treatment | Maximal aIFN-α AAbs (ng/mL)* | Pre-COVID-19 anti-IFN humoral immunity† | Description of COVID-19 signs or symptoms | Severity‡ | |||||||
aIFN-α AAbs (ng/mL)§ | IFN neutralisation capacities¶ | |||||||||||||
HCQ | Pred (mg/d) | Is | IFN-α | IFN-β 104 pg/mL | IFN-ω | |||||||||
102 pg/mL | 104 pg/mL | 102 pg/mL | 104 pg/mL | |||||||||||
30 | F/61 | APS, CKD, Hyp, CVD | + | 5 | MTX BMB | 49 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Headache, nausea, vomiting and cough | 1 |
32 | F/26 | Ren Al | + | 5 | MMF TAC | 108 | 0 | – | – | + | – | – | Asymptomatic | 1 |
29 | F/48 | Ob | + | – | – | 98 | 35 | – | – | – | – | – | Myalgia and fever | 1 |
64 | F/36 | – | + | – | – | 37 | 37 | – | – | – | – | – | Anosmia, myalgia and fever | 1 |
42 | F/46 | – | + | 6 | – | 51 | 51 | – | – | – | – | – | Asymptomatic | 1 |
16 | H/57 | Hyp, CKD | + | – | MMF | 75 | 55 | – | – | – | – | – | Headache, myalgia and fever | 1 |
63 | F/39 | CKD | – | 5 | MMF | 368 | 198 | – | – | – | – | – | Asymptomatic | 1 |
55 | F/61 | – | + | – | – | 241 | 241 | – | – | – | – | – | Pneumonia ROT (NC 3 L/min) | 3 |
52 | F/41 | – | – | – | – | 520 | 260 | – | – | + | – | – | Asymptomatic | 1 |
8 | F/41 | Hyp, Ren Al, Ma Tu (CR) | + | 5 | MMF TAC | 600 | 600 | – | – | + | – | – | Asymptomatic | 1 |
24 | F/38 | – | – | 10 | – | 8968 | 625 | – | – | + | + | + | Asymptomatic | 1 |
26 | F/45 | Ob, Ren Al | + | 40 | MMF TAC RTX | 1.1×104 | 763 | + | – | + | + | – | ARDS (ECMO) | 5 |
58 | F/29 | CKD | + | 5 | MMF | 3.0×104 | 1060 | – | – | + | + | – | Anosmia, cough, myalgia and fever | 1 |
3 | F/54 | Ow, Hyp | + | – | – | 2.8×104 | 1.2×104 | + | + | – | – | – | Pneumonia requiring monitoring | 2 |
40 | F/29 | Ob | + | 9 | – | 8.8×104 | 8.8×104 | + | + | – | + | + | Pneumonia ROT (HCM 12 L/min) | 4 |
25 | F/44 | – | + | – | – | 5.7×105 | 3.2×105 | + | + | + | + | + | Pneumonia ROT (NC 5 L/min) | 3 |
34 | M/47 | Thymoma (CR since 17 years) | + | – | – | 3.2×106 | 2.3×106 | + | + | – | + | + | Pneumonia ROT (non-invasive ventilation) | 4 |
*Corresponds to the maximum level of serum anti-IFN-α AAbs assessed by ELISA during the follow-up of SLE.
†Tested on a serum collected during the COVID-19 pandemic or the 6 months preceding its onset.
‡Categorisation of COVID-19 severity (see online supplemental table 1). Encoding: 1 for asymptomatic infection, mild or moderate illness; 2 for moderate hospitalised illness; 3 for severe illness; 4 for critical illness and 5 for death.
§Assessed by ELISA.
¶The capacity of the serum with anti-IFN-α AAbs to neutralise 102 pg/mL of IFN-α or -ω and 104 pg/mL of IFN-α,-ω or -β were evaluated in a neutralisation assay developed in HEK293T cells using a luciferase system in the presence of serum 1:10 from patients.
aIFN-α AAbs, anti-interferon-alpha autoantibodies; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMB, belimumab; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CR, complete remission; CVD, chronic vascular disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; F, female; HCM, high concentration mask; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; Hyp, hypertension; IFN, interferon; Is, immunosuppressant; M, male; Ma Tu, malignant tumour; MDBK, Madin Darby Kidney cells; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MTX, methotrexate; NC, nasal canula; Ob, obesity; Ow, overweight; pred, prednisone; Pts, patients; Ren Al, renal allograft; ROT, requiring oxygen therapy; RTX, rituximab; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TAC, tacrolimus; yrs, years.