Variables associated with a gout flare in the 3-month period*
| Variables for gout flare | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Sex (ref: female) | 0.82 (0.32 to 2.10) | 0.67 | 4.04 (0.68 to 24.04) | 0.13 | 4.33 (0.73 to 25.82) | 0.11 |
| Age (per year) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.49 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.16 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.18 |
| Body mass index (per kg/m²) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.16 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | 0.44 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | 0.45 |
| Comorbidity† (ref: no) | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.29) | 0.64 | – | – | – | – |
| Tophi (ref: no) | 1.01 (0.59 to 1.70) | 0.98 | – | – | – | – |
| Disease duration (per year) | 0.96 (0.92 to 0.99) | 0.007 | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.01) | 0.09 | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.01) | 0.12 |
| Flare within 3 months prior to first vaccine (ref: no) | 0.17 (0.06 to 0.54) | 0.003 | 1.27 (0.21 to 7.68) | 0.79 | 1.27 (0.21 to 7.71) | 0.79 |
| Last serum urate done before first vaccine (per mg/dL) | 1.22 (1.11 to 1.33) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.27) | 0.021 | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.27) | 0.025 |
| Vaccination | ||||||
| COVID-19 vaccination (ref: no) | 4.57 (2.66 to 7.84) | <0.001 | 6.02 (3.00 to 12.08) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Sinovac Life vaccine (ref: no) | 2.90 (1.28 to 6.56) | 0.011 | – | – | 3.13 (1.12 to 8.72) | 0.029 |
| Sinopharm BIBP vaccine (ref: no) | 0.55 (0.28 to 1.10) | 0.09 | – | – | 0.48 (0.2 to 1.14) | 0.09 |
| Other vaccines (ref: no) | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.41) | 0.32 | – | – | 0.49 (0.20 to 1.19) | 0.12 |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Colchicine prophylaxis (ref: no) | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.61) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.31 to 0.92) | 0.025 | 0.53 (0.30 to 0.92) | 0.024 |
| Febuxostat use at the time of first vaccine (ref: no or missing) | 0.89 (0.47 to 1.68) | 0.71 | – | – | – | – |
| Benzbromarone use at the time of first vaccine (ref: no or missing) | 0.66 (0.36 to 1.21) | 0.18 | – | – | – | – |
Model 1: fully adjusted by COVID-19 vaccination, sex, age, body-mass index, disease duration, flare within 3 months prior to the first dose vaccine, last serum urate done before the first dose vaccine, colchicine prophylaxis and urate-lowering drugs use at the time of the first dose vaccine.
Model 2: fully adjusted by vaccine types (Sinovac Life, Sinopharm BIBP and others including recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell) or recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector)), sex, age, body mass index, disease duration, flare within 3 months prior to the first dose vaccine, last serum urate done before the first dose vaccine, colchicine prophylaxis and urate-lowering drugs use at the time of the first dose vaccine.
Bold values indicate P<0.05.
*Gout flare within 3 months after any vaccine in COVID-19 vaccination participants or the matched time period in the non-vaccination participants.
†Comorbidities include hypertension, renal disease, hyperlipidaemia, tumour, fracture, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory or mental diseases.