Table 3

Infectious targets of crAss-like phages and Podoviridae based on CRISPR spacers

VirusesBacteria
crAss-like phage Anaerobutyricum hallii, Bacteroides vulgatus , Blautia spp, Dorea longicatena, Eubacterium limosum, Ruminococcus spp
Podoviridae Akkermansia muciniphila, Akkermansia spp, Bacteroides plebeius, Bacteroides spp, Bacteroides uniformis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium spp, Blautia obeum, Blautia spp, Burkholderiales bacterium, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium spp, Coprobacillus spp, Dialister invisus, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium ventriosum, Faecalibacterium spp, Firmicutes bacterium, Gemmiger formicilis, Holdemanella biformis, Parabacteroides distasonis, Parabacteroides merdae, Porphyromonas spp, Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus spp, Streptococcus salivarius, Sutterella wadsworthensis
  • The underlined bacteria have the following characteristics (see DISCUSSION): (1) Bacteroides vulgatus belongs to phylum Bacteroidetes which is a predicted host of crAss-like phages.24 (2) Ruminococcus spp belongs to genus Ruminococcus which is reported to be associated with RA,55 and SLE.54 (3) Faecalibacterium spp is also associated with Podoviridae also in the quantitative virus–bacterium association analysis and reported to be associated with autoimmune diseases.50 51

  • CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat.