Comparison | N | Model | HR (95% CI) |
All: biologic initiators vs no biologics*‡ | 216 901 | TVE† | 4.84 (4.64 to 5.05) |
Biologics vs oral/photo‡ | 51 815 | TVE† | 4.48 (4.23 to 4.75) |
Biologics vs oral/photo (age and sex adjusted) | 29 258 | Traditional | 2.10 (1.97 to 2.23) |
Biologics vs oral/photo (fully adjusted)§ | 29 258 | Traditional | 2.14 (2.00 to 2.28) |
Biologics vs oral/photo | 22 638 | PS match | 2.17 (2.03 to 2.33) |
The primary outcome for these models was a single code for PsA. N is the number of observations for each model.
*Reference group includes patients with oral, phototherapy or no therapy.
†Once exposed to a biologic, the patient is considered always exposed.
‡Covariates in the fully adjusted model include age, sex, anaemia, anxiety, cancer, congestive heart failure, depression, diabetes, fatty liver disease, hidradenitis suppurative, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, uveitis, venous thromboembolism.
§Adjusted for all factors in PS (see online supplemental methods 1 for list).
oral, oral therapies (including methotrexate, apremilast, cyclosporine, acitretinoin, and tretinoin); PS, propensity score; TVE, time-varying exposure.