Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with COVID-19-related death in patients with rheumatic diseases (all patients)
| N deaths/patients (%) | All | Patients with inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs) | Only patients with rheumatoid arthritis | Patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs) or vasculitis | ||||||||
| 384/3705 (10.4%) | 211/2348 (9.0%) | 166/1371 (12.1%) | 147/1157 (12.7%) | |||||||||
| N deaths/patients | OR | 95% CI | N deaths/patients | OR | 95% CI | N deaths/patients | OR | 95% CI | N deaths/patients | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||
| Age≤65 | 118/2565 | 1 | Reference | 55/1657 | 1 | Reference | 40/840 | 1 | Reference | 56/779 | 1 | Reference |
| 65 years<Age≤75 | 109/644 | 3 | 2.13 to 4.22 | 71/426 | 3.63 | 2.55 to 5.15 | 55/314 | 3.10 | 1.68 to 5.72 | 33/187 | 2.29 | 1.34 to 3.93 |
| Age>75 | 157/496 | 6.18 | 4.47 to 8.53 | 85/265 | 8.21 | 5.54 to 12.18 | 71/217 | 7.30 | 4.42 to 12.06 | 58/191 | 4.08 | 2.27 to 7.36 |
| Male sex (vs female) | 161/1188 | 1.46 | 1.11 to 1.91 | 82/788 | 1.31 | 0.95 to 1.8 | 55/345 | 1.17 | 0.78 to 1.76 | 63/296 | 1.66 | 0.96 to 2.86 |
| Ever smoked (vs never) | 140/922 | 1.21 | 0.94 to 1.57 | 84/607 | 1.26 | 0.93 to 1.72 | 71/385 | 1.45 | 1.02 to 2.04 | 42/248 | 1.11 | 0.67 to 1.86 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension alone or CVD alone | 155/1150 | 1.19 | 0.89 to 1.59 | 79/690 | 1.04 | 0.74 to 1.46 | 66/454 | 1.11 | 0.74 to 1.67 | 69/406 | 1.56 | 1.06 to 2.29 |
| Hypertension and CVD | 89/301 | 1.89 | 1.31 to 2.73 | 53/168 | 2.29 | 1.25 to 4.23 | 38/118 | 2.03 | 1.03 to 3.97 | 28/106 | 1.57 | 0.78 to 3.16 |
| Chronic lung disease | 136/721 | 1.68 | 1.26 to 2.25 | 76/406 | 1.52 | 1.04 to 2.21 | 63/293 | 1.44 | 0.99 to 2.09 | 54/285 | 2.05 | 1.47 to 2.85 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 76/259 | 1.67 | 0.99 to 2.8 | 27/111 | 1.09 | 0.54 to 2.21 | 21/83 | 1.01 | 0.46 to 2.24 | 41/124 | 2.30 | 1.37 to 3.88 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 96/508 | 1.38 | 0.88 to 2.17 | 55/313 | 1.31 | 0.95 to 1.79 | 39/213 | 1.08 | 0.72 to 1.61 | 32/154 | 1.39 | 0.64 to 3 |
| Rheumatic disease | ||||||||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 160/1326 | 1 | Reference | 166/1373 | 1 | Reference | n.a. | n.a. | ||||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 36/391 | 1.2 | 0.70 to 2.04 | n.a. | n.a. | 32/378 | 1 | Reference | ||||
| Vasculitis | 67/325 | 0.8 | 0.60 to 1.08 | n.a. | n.a. | 64/318 | 0.81 | 0.49 to 1.33 | ||||
| Other connective tissue diseases | 53/473 | 0.75 | 0.58 to 0.97 | n.a. | n.a. | 51/461 | 0.78 | 0.39 to 1.54 | ||||
| Psoriasis arthritis | 19/429 | 0.75 | 0.53 to 1.07 | 19/437 | 0.82 | 0.55 to 1.22 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||
| Spondyloarthritis | 15/423 | 0.72 | 0.34 to 1.54 | 15/424 | 0.82 | 0.4 to 1.69 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||
| Other inflammatory arthritis or non-systemic JIA | 10/109 | 0.79 | 0.46 to 1.34 | 11/114 | 0.76 | 0.43 to 1.36 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||
| Other rheumatic diseases (not IJDs/CTDs/vasculitis) | 24/229 | 0.51 | 0.35 to 0.73 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| High/moderate/severe disease activity (DA) vs remission/low DA | 109/722 | 1.87 | 1.27 to 2.77 | 54/453 | 1.6 | 1.13 to 2.26 | 44/274 | 1.60 | 1.03 to 2.47 | 51/230 | 2.45 | 1.49 to 4.02 |
| Medication | ||||||||||||
| Methotrexate | 47/595 | 1 | Reference | 41/487 | 1 | Reference | 34/354 | 1 | Reference | 6/94 | 1 | Reference |
| No DMARD therapy | 124/739 | 2.11 | 1.48 to 3.01 | 38/239 | 2.08 | 1.38 to 3.14 | 25/110 | 2.12 | 1.34 to 3.37 | 67/353 | 3.18 | 1.61 to 6.27 |
| Leflunomide | 12/90 | 1.56 | 0.9 to 2.7 | 10/83 | 1.37 | 0.69 to 2.73 | 9/68 | 1.43 | 0.71 to 2.86 | n.a. | ||
| Antimalarials | 27/426 | 0.99 | 0.66 to 1.48 | 17/167 | 1.14 | 0.65 to 2 | 17/141 | 1.24 | 0.7 to 2.19 | 11/271 | 1.38 | 0.48 to 4.02 |
| Sulfasalazine | 33/144 | 3.6 | 1.66 to 7.78 | 31/137 | 3.40 | 1.46 to 7.93 | 21/85 | 2.62 | 1.21 to 5.68 | n.a. | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 38/276 | 2.22 | 1.43 to 3.46 | n.a. | n.a. | 32/247 | 2.44 | 1.06 to 5.65 | ||||
| TNF inhibitors | 30/803 | 0.85 | 0.52 to 1.36 | 26/764 | 0.77 | 0.42 to 1.41 | 16/292 | 0.82 | 0.39 to 1.76 | 4/39 | 2.00 | 0.36 to 11.2 |
| Abatacept | 9/81 | 1.20 | 0.61 to 2.34 | 9/75 | 1.3 | 0.62 to 2.71 | 9/68 | 1.4 | 0.65 to 2.99 | n.a. | ||
| Rituximab | 42/192 | 4.04 | 2.32 to 7.03 | 22/90 | 5.42 | 2.77 to 10.61 | 21/86 | 4.99 | 2.43 to 10.26 | 22/104 | 3.72 | 1.21 to 11.48 |
| Belimumab | 1/27 | 0.71 | 0.19 to 2.68 | n.a. | n.a. | 1/27 | 1.07 | 0.21 to 5.37 | ||||
| IL-6 inhibitors | 5/90 | 0.83 | 0.38 to 1.84 | 1/68 | 0.25 | 0.03 to 2.43 | 1/63 | 0.25 | 0.03 to 2.33 | 4/23 | 2.69 | 0.88 to 8.19 |
| IL-17/IL-23/IL-12+23 inhibitors | 1/115 | 0.25 | 0.03 to 2.04 | 1/112 | 0.26 | 0.03 to 2.06 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||
| tsDMARDs | 15/145 | 1.60 | 0.91 to 2.8 | 15/142 | 1.75 | 0.99 to 3.12 | 13/118 | 1.57 | 0.75 to 3.27 | n.a. | ||
| Glucocorticoids (GCs) | ||||||||||||
| No GCs | 165/2417 | 1 | Reference | 109/1721 | 1 | Reference | 78/863 | 1 | Reference | 38/551 | 1 | Reference |
| GCs 1–10 mg/day | 170/1062 | 1.43 | 0.98 to 2.09 | 89/567 | 1.36 | 0.76 to 2.45 | 78/464 | 1.34 | 0.66 to 2.74 | 75/469 | 1.69 | 1.11 to 2.57 |
| GCs>10 mg/day | 49/226 | 1.69 | 1.18 to 2.41 | 12/60 | 1.55 | 0.67 to 3.57 | 10/44 | 1.59 | 0.6 to 4.18 | 34/137 | 1.93 | 1.11 to 3.36 |
Missing values were imputed via multiple imputation, patient numbers may thus be rounded. Effects significant at level α=0.05 are marked in bold. Patients were excluded from a particular analysis if the medication they received provided ≤20 patients for that analysis or if there were no deaths reported for that specific medication.
TNF; tumour necrosis factor; CTD, connective tissue diseases; CVD, cardiovascular duisease; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; GC, glucocorticoids; IL, interleukin; JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; N, number; n.a., not applicable; tsDMARD, targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.