Characteristics of participants
| Participants | Cases (KR/HR) (n=857) | Controls (n=3428) |
| General demographics | ||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 75.4±7.2 | 75.4±7.2 |
| Female | 403 (47.0%) | 1612 (47.0%) |
| BMI 25–<30 | 313 (36.5%) | 1297 (37.8%) |
| BMI ≥30 | 365 (42.6%) | 1088 (31.7%) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Cancer | 154 (18.0%) | 648 (18.9%) |
| COPD | 214 (25.0%) | 825 (24.1%) |
| Dementia/cognitive impairment | 6 (0.7%) | 106 (3.1%) |
| Diabetes | 170 (19.8%) | 782 (22.8%) |
| Heart failure | 113 (13.2%) | 600 (17.5%) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 153 (17.9%) | 702 (20.5%) |
| Hypertension | 590 (68.8%) | 2303 (67.2%) |
| IHD | 191 (22.3%) | 959 (28.0%) |
| Mitral stenosis | 8 (0.9%) | 17 (0.5%) |
| Prior falls | 153 (17.9%) | 576 (16.8%) |
| Prior GI bleeding | 26 (3.0%) | 98 (2.9%) |
| Prior intracranial haemorrhage | 4 (0.5%) | 37 (1.1%) |
| Prosthetic valve | 3 (0.4%) | 6 (0.2%) |
| Renal disease (CKD 1–3) | 203 (23.7%) | 895 (26.1%) |
| Renal disease (CKD 4–5 and renal transplant) | 10 (1.2%) | 54 (1.6%) |
| Severe liver disease | 5 (0.6%) | 17 (0.5%) |
| Stroke | 135 (15.8%) | 702 (20.5%) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 36 (4.2%) | 154 (4.5%) |
| Medication use | ||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 775 (90.4%) | 3076 (89.7%) |
| Insulin | 13 (1.5%) | 110 (3.2%) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 492 (57.4%) | 2090 (61.0%) |
| NSAIDs | 337 (39.3%) | 1275 (37.2%) |
| Oral hypoglycaemic drugs | 87 (10.2%) | 463 (13.5%) |
| Paracetamol | 581 (67.8%) | 1340 (39.1%) |
| GP visits (assessed within 1 year before first warfarin/DOAC prescription) | ||
| 0–5 | 330 (38.5%) | 1606 (46.8%) |
| >5 | 527 (61.5%) | 1822 (53.2%) |
| Hospitalisations (assessed within 1 year before first warfarin/DOAC prescription) | ||
| 0–2 | 820 (95.7%) | 3189 (93.0%) |
| ≥3 | 37 (4.3%) | 239 (7.0%) |
Results are shown as N (%) unless stated otherwise.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; GI, gastrointestinal; GP, general practitioner; HR, hip replacement; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; KR, knee replacement; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.