Association between demographic and clinical characteristics and severity of COVID-19
| All patients (n=694) | Patients with mild infection (n=438) | Patients with moderate infection (n=169) | Patients with severe infection (n=87) | OR (95% CI)* | P value | aOR (95% CI)*† | P value† | |
| Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–54 | 336 (48.4) | 268 (61.2) | 57 (33.7) | 11 (12.6) | 1.00 (ref.) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
| 55–64 | 138 (19.9) | 95 (21.7) | 32 (18.9) | 11 (12.6) | 2.56 (1.08–6.05) | 0.032 | 2.58 (1.09–6.12) | 0.032 |
| 65–74 | 107 (15.4) | 52 (11.9) | 35 (20.7) | 20 (23.0) | 6.79 (3.14–14.71) | <0.001 | 6.46 (2.97–14.06) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 113 (16.3) | 23 (5.3) | 45 (26.6) | 45 (51.7) | 19.55 (9.62–39.73) | <0.001 | 19.82 (9.69–40.52) | <0.001 |
| Mean±SD | 56.1±16.4 | 50.6±13.9 | 61.8±16.1 | 72.4±13.8 | ||||
| Female gender | 462 (66.6) | 309 (70.6) | 109 (64.5) | 44 (50.6) | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidities‡ | ||||||||
| Respiratory disease (all) | 99 (14.3) | 53 (12.2) | 25 (14.8) | 21 (24.1) | 2.15 (1.25–3.71) | 0.006 | 1.61 (0.87–2.99) | 0.13 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 26 (3.8) | 10 (2.3) | 7 (4.1) | 9 (10.3) | 3.99 (1.72–9.26) | 0.001 | 2.87 (1.06–7.80) | 0.038 |
| COPD | 28 (4.0) | 14 (3.2) | 6 (3.6) | 8 (9.2) | 2.96 (1.26–6.95) | 0.013 | 1.08 (0.42–2.76) | 0.88 |
| Asthma | 52 (7.5) | 32 (7.3) | 14 (8.3) | 6 (6.9) | 0.90 (0.37–2.18) | 0.82 | 1.24 (0.46–3.33) | 0.67 |
| Cardiac disease (all) | 85 (12.3) | 22 (5.0) | 31 (18.3) | 32 (36.8) | 6.06 (3.61–10.18) | <0.001 | 1.78 (0.97–3.28) | 0.064 |
| Coronary heart diseases | 68 (9.8) | 15 (3.4) | 25 (14.8) | 28 (32.2) | 6.70 (3.86–11.65) | <0.001 | 1.86 (0.97–3.56) | 0.063 |
| Stroke | 25 (3.6) | 7 (1.6) | 10 (5.9) | 8 (9.2) | 3.50 (1.46–8.38) | 0.005 | 1.68 (0.63–4.47) | 0.30 |
| Diabetes | 62 (9.0) | 12 (2.8) | 29 (17.2) | 21 (24.1) | 4.38 (2.44–7.85) | <0.001 | 2.14 (1.12–4.12) | 0.022 |
| Obesity | 0.050 | 0.043 | ||||||
| <30 | 459 (75.9) | 303 (78.7) | 105 (71.9) | 51 (68.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
| 30–39.9 | 126 (20.8) | 74 (19.2) | 35 (24.0) | 17 (23.0) | 1.25 (0.69–2.25) | 0.46 | 1.47 (0.76–2.82) | 0.25 |
| ≥40 | 20 (3.3) | 8 (2.1) | 6 (4.1) | 6 (8.1) | 3.43 (1.26–9.32) | 0.016 | 4.10 (1.28–13.11) | 0.017 |
| Hypertension | 182 (26.3) | 71 (16.3) | 60 (35.5) | 51 (58.6) | 5.13 (3.21–8.19) | <0.001 | 2.30 (1.34–3.96) | 0.003 |
| Cancer | 33 (4.8) | 13 (3.0) | 13 (7.7) | 7 (8.0) | 1.95 (0.82–4.64) | 0.13 | 0.83 (0.31–2.21) | 0.71 |
| Chronic renal failure | 42 (6.1) | 11 (2.5) | 12 (7.1) | 19 (21.8) | 7.07 (3.66–13.65) | <0.001 | 3.22 (1.51–6.90) | 0.003 |
| No. of patients with at least one comorbidity | 492 (71.1) | 274 (62.8) | 136 (80.5) | 82 (94.3) | 7.80 (3.11–19.54) | <0.001 | 3.52 (1.35–9.17) | 0.010 |
| Disease history§ | <0.001 | 0.023 | ||||||
| Chronic inflammatory arthritis | 464 (66.9) | 325 (74.2) | 97 (57.4) | 42 (48.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
| Autoinflammatory diseases | 12 (1.7) | 5 (1.1) | 4 (2.4) | 3 (3.4) | 3.66 (0.89–12.07) | 0.053 | 7.88 (1.39–37.05) | 0.014 |
| Vasculitis | 65 (9.4) | 21 (4.8) | 22 (13.0) | 22 (25.3) | 5.14 (2.80–9.32) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.13–4.41) | 0.020 |
| Systemic autoimmune diseases | 122 (17.6) | 73 (16.7) | 35 (20.7) | 14 (16.1) | 1.33 (0.69–2.45) | 0.38 | 1.64 (0.80–3.25) | 0.17 |
Values are presented as frequency (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
*ORs were calculated for patients with severe infection, using patients with mild or moderate infection as reference.
†Adjusted for age and sex.
‡Two missing values for comorbidities except for obesity where 89 values are missing.
§Penalised logistic regression (Firth method) was used due to low number of patients (n<5) in an analysed group.
aOR, adjusted OR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.