Table 2

Meta-regression of the variables potentially associated with clinical outcomes of COVID-19

Variables	Number of studies	Coefficient	SE	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	Z value	P value
Hospitalisation
Age (mean/median)	50	0.070	0.013	0.046	0.095	5.61	<0.001
Male (%)	50	−0.012	0.008	−0.028	0.004	−1.52	0.129
HTN (%)	38	0.017	0.008	0.002	0.032	2.26	0.024
DM (%)	36	0.024	0.014	−0.004	0.052	1.67	0.095
Obesity (%)	24	0.012	0.009	−0.006	0.030	1.32	0.187
Comorbidities (≥1) (%)	27	0.024	0.008	0.007	0.040	2.85	0.004
Glucocorticoids (%)	44	0.011	0.006	−0.0003	0.022	1.91	0.056
csDMARDs (%)	40	0.014	0.005	0.005	0.023	2.94	0.003
b/tsDMARDs (%, mono)	49	−0.014	0.004	−0.022	−0.005	−3.13	0.002
b/tsDMARDs (%, combo)	26	0.016	0.007	0.001	0.030	2.11	0.035
b/tsDMARDs (%, mono/combo)	49	−0.005	0.004	−0.013	0.003	−1.18	0.237
TNF antagonists (%, mono)	44	−0.019	0.007	−0.032	−0.005	−2.66	0.008
TNF antagonists (%, combo)	22	0.028	0.017	−0.006	0.062	1.59	0.111
TNF antagonists (%, mono/combo)	46	−0.015	0.007	−0.027	−0.002	−2.24	0.025
Non-TNF antagonists (%, mono)	44	−0.012	0.008	−0.027	0.002	−1.64	0.102
Non-TNF antagonists (%, combo)	21	0.039	0.019	0.003	0.076	2.09	0.036
Non-TNF antagonists (%, mono/combo)	47	−0.002	0.007	−0.015	0.011	−0.33	0.739
Death
Age (mean/median)	48	0.068	0.010	0.048	0.089	6.54	<0.001
Male (%)	48	−0.006	0.008	−0.023	0.010	−0.76	0.449
HTN (%)	37	0.034	0.006	0.022	0.045	5.84	<0.001
DM (%)	35	0.038	0.013	0.012	0.064	2.86	0.004
Obesity (%)	24	0.013	0.007	−0.001	0.027	1.87	0.062
Comorbidities (≥1) (%)	26	0.013	0.008	−0.004	0.029	1.53	0.127
Glucocorticoids (%)	43	0.011	0.006	−0.001	0.022	1.78	0.075
csDMARDs (%)	40	0.012	0.004	0.004	0.020	2.99	0.003
b/tsDMARDs (%, mono)	49	−0.011	0.005	−0.020	−0.002	−2.31	0.021
b/tsDMARDs (%, combo)	26	0.013	0.009	−0.004	0.030	1.52	0.128
b/tsDMARDs (%, mono/combo)	49	−0.010	0.004	−0.018	−0.002	−2.48	0.013
TNF antagonists (%, mono)	44	−0.018	0.008	−0.033	−0.003	−2.29	0.022
TNF antagonists (%, combo)	22	0.009	0.019	−0.029	0.047	0.47	0.642
TNF antagonists (%, mono/combo)	46	−0.017	0.007	−0.030	−0.004	−2.55	0.011
Non-TNF antagonists (%, mono)	45	−0.006	0.008	−0.022	0.010	−0.78	0.438
Non-TNF antagonists (%, combo)	21	0.030	0.019	−0.007	0.066	1.57	0.115
Non-TNF antagonists (%, mono/combo)	48	−0.006	0.007	−0.019	0.007	−0.87	0.387

b/tsDMARDs, biologic or targeted synthetic DMARDs (abatacept, belimumab, CD-20, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12/23, IL-23, IL-17, TNF, α4β7 integrin and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors); combo, combination therapy with csDMARDs; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, thiopurines, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, leflunomide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid and sulfasalazine); DM, diabetes; HTN, hypertension; mono, monotherapy; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.