Table 3

Risk factors for change in FVC over the 5-year follow-up in patients with ≥3 serial FVC measurements in univariable and multivariable linear mixed-effect regression analysis

Predictor variable	Univariable			Multivariable
Predictor variable	Coefficient	95% CI	P value	Coefficient	95% CI	P value
Time	−0.45	−0.72 to −1.7	0.002	0.8	0.22 to 1.39	0.007
Reflux/dysphagia symptoms	−2.06	−5.06 to 0.94	0.180	0.58	–2.18 to 3.34	0.681
Time×reflux/dysphagia symptoms	−0.76	−1.34 to −0.17	0.011	−0.72	−1.34 to −0.10	0.024
mRSS	−0.51	−0.69 to −0.33	<0.001	–0.31	–0.47 to –0.15	<0.001
Time×mRSS	−0.05	−0.07 to −0.01	0.011	−0.06	−0.10 to −0.02	0.002
Sex	−5.25	−8.91 to −1.59	0.005	–3.90	–7.29 to –0.53	0.024
Time×sex	−0.97	−1.72 to −0.21	0.012	−1.30	−2.10 to −0.49	0.002
Age	0.42	0.31 to 1.53	<0.001	0.47	0.37 to 0.57	<0.001
DL_CO	0.55	0.47 to 0.62	<0.001	0.45	0.37 to 0.52	<0.001
ESR	−0.14	−0.21 to −0.01	0.001	−0.09	−0.15 to −0.03	0.005
NYHA class	−14.59	−18.7 to −10.49	<0.001	−4.76	−6.59 to −2.92	<0.001
ACA	11.42	7.65 to 15.19	<0.001
ARA	10.95	1.62 to 20.27	0.021
ATA	−5.01	−7.98 to −2.05	0.001
CRP	−7.72	−11.01 to −4.43	<0.001
dcSSc	−6.37	−7.43 to −3.32	<0.001

ACA, anti-centromere antibody; ARA, anti-RNA polymerase III antibody; ATA, anti-topoisomerase I antibody; CRP, C-reactive protein; dcSSc, diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis; DL_CO, diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FVC, forced vital capacity; mRSS, modified Rodnan skin score; NYHA, New York Heart Association.