Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models examining the association between demographic and clinical characteristics and COVID-19 hospitalisation status
| No. hospitalised/ No. cases (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Female | 185/423 (44) | 0.72 (0.51 to 1.02) | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.28) | 0.39 |
| Age >65 years | 119/170 (70) | 4.02 (2.74 to 5.89) | 2.56 (1.62 to 4.04) | <0.01 |
| Rheumatic disease diagnosis† | ||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 104/225 (46) | Ref | Ref | -- |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 48/85 (56) | 1.51 (0.91 to 2.49) | 1.80 (0.99 to 3.29) | 0.06 |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 22/74 (30) | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.86) | 0.94 (0.48 to 1.83) | 0.85 |
| Axial spondyloarthritis or other spondyloarthritis | 16/48 (33) | 0.58 (0.30 to 1.12) | 1.11 (0.50 to 2.42) | 0.80 |
| Vasculitis | 24/39 (62) | 1.86 (0.93 to 3.73) | 1.56 (0.66 to 3.68) | 0.31 |
| Other | 63/129 (49) | 1.11 (0.72 to 1.71) | 0.94 (0.55 to 1.62) | 0.82 |
| Comorbidities (present vs not) | ||||
| Hypertension or cardiovascular disease | 136/218 (62) | 2.83 (1.01 to 4.00) | 1.86 (1.23 to 2.81) | <0.01 |
| Lung disease‡ | 83/127 (65) | 2.71 (1.80 to 4.08) | 2.48 (1.55 to 3.98) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes | 48/69 (70) | 3.01 (1.76 to 5.18) | 2.61 (1.39 to 4.88) | <0.01 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease | 33/40 (83) | 6.11 (2.66 to 14.04) | 3.02 (1.21 to 7.54) | 0.02 |
| Ever smoker (vs never smoker) | 68/129 (53) | 1.41 (1.13 to 1.77) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.53) | 0.23 |
| Rheumatic disease medication prior to COVID-19 diagnosis§ | ||||
| No DMARD | 52/97 (54) | Ref | Ref | -- |
| csDMARD only | 149/272 (55) | 1.05 (0.66 to 1.67) | 1.23 (0.70 to 2.17) | 0.48 |
| b/tsDMARDs only | 31/107 (29) | 0.35 (0.20 to 0.63) | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.93) | 0.03 |
| csDMARD+b/tsDMARD combination therapy | 45/124 (36) | 0.49 (0.29 to 0.85) | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.46) | 0.38 |
| NSAIDs | 39/111 (35) | 0.55 (0.35 to 0.84) | 0.64 (0.39 to 1.06) | 0.08 |
| Prednisone-equivalent glucocorticoids | ||||
| None | 162/403 (40) | Ref | Ref | -- |
| 1–9 mg/day | 67/125 (54) | 1.72 (1.15 to 2.57) | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.66) | 0.91 |
| >10 mg/day | 43/64 (67) | 3.05 (1.74 to 5.32) | 2.05 (1.06 to 3.96) | 0.03 |
Adjusted ORs from models including all variables shown.
*P value for multivariable logistic regression model (see ‘Methods’ section for details).
†Patients with more than one disease within these five diagnoses were classified as follows: systemic lupus erythematosus>rheumatoid arthritis>psoriatic arthritis>vasculitis>axial/other spondyloarthritis>other. Other rheumatic disease category included (each n<10): undifferentiated connective tissue disease; ocular inflammation; autoinflammatory syndrome; mixed connective tissue disease; antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease; systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis; juvenile idiopathic arthritis, not systemic; IgG4-related disease.
‡Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease or other not specified.
§csDMARD medications included: antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine), azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, leflunomide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid, sulfasalazine, tacrolimus; b/tsDMARD included: abatacept, belimumab, CD-20 inhibitors, IL-1 inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, IL-12/IL-23 inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, anti-TNF and Janus Kinase inhibitors.
b/tsDMARD, biologic or targeted synthetic DMARDs; csDMARD, conventional synthetic DMARD; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; IL, interleukin; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.