Associations of glucosamine supplement use with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality
| Outcomes | Glucosamine non-users | Glucosamine users | Model 1* | Model 2† | Propensity score adjusted | |||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| All-cause mortality | 16 665 (4.2) | 3217 (3.4) | 0.70 (0.67 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.89) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.79 to 0.86) | <0.001 |
| CVD mortality | 3202 (0.8) | 600 (0.7) | 0.67 (0.61 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.74 to 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Cancer mortality | 6571 (2.2) | 1519 (2.1) | 0.82 (0.78 to 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.88 to 0.99) | 0.031 | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.96) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 2917 (0.7) | 463 (0.5) | 0.56 (0.51 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.61 to 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Digestive disease mortality | 914 (0.2) | 147 (0.2) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.88) | <0.001 |
Values are numbers (%) unless stated otherwise.
*Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
†Model 2: additionally adjusted for Townsend Deprivation Index, ethnicity, education, household income, body mass index, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, CVD, cancer, respiratory disease, digestive disease, arthritis, dementia, depression, longstanding illness, statin use, chondroitin use, aspirin use, non-aspirin NSAID use, vitamin supplementation and mineral and other dietary supplementation.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.