Risk factors of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms
| Total* | MSK +† | MSK –† | Univariate statistics | Multivariable statistics | |||
| P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | ||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Total | 224 | 38 (17.0) | 186 (83.0) | ||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 83 (37.1) | 9 (10.8) | 74 (89.2) | reference | 1.0 | reference | 1.0 |
| Female | 141 (62.9) | 29 (20.6) | 112 (79.4) | 0.061 | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.8) | 0.117 | 2.0 (0.8 to 4.9) |
| Age | |||||||
| Mean±SD range | 39.5+/-16.7 (0–72) | 48.1+/-12.7 (21–67) | 37.7+/-16.9 (0–72) | ||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 0–17 | 20 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 20 (100) | n/a | n/a | ||
| 18–30 | 57 (25.4) | 5 (8.8) | 52 (91.2) | 0.656 | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.8) | 0.353 | 0.4 (0.1 to 2.6) |
| 31–50 | 85 (37.9) | 14 (16.5) | 71 (83.5) | 0.691 | 1.4 (0.3 to 6.8) | 0.897 | 1.1 (0.2 to 5.9) |
| 51–64 | 46 (20.5) | 17 (37.0) | 29 (63.0) | 0.083 | 4.1 (0.8 to 20.3) | 0.131 | 3.6 (0.7 to 19.0) |
| Over 65 | 16 (7.1) | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | reference | 1.0 | reference | 1.0 |
| Pathogen finding | |||||||
| Negative | 51 (22.8) | 4 (7.8) | 47 (92.2) | reference | 1.0 | reference | 1.0 |
| Only-DEC | 151 (67.4) | 31 (20.5) | 120 (79.5) | 0.047 | 3.0 (1.0 to 9.1) | 0.030 | 3.9 (1.1 to 13.2) |
| Only non-DEC | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| DEC+non-DEC | 17 (7.6) | 3 (17.6) | 14 (82.4) | 0.085 | 2.5 (0.5 to 12.6) | 0.111 | 4.5 (0.7 to 27.9) |
| TD during travel | |||||||
| No TD | 69 (30.8) | 9 (13.0) | 60 (87.9) | reference | 1.0 | reference | 1.0 |
| Mild TD | 53 (23.7) | 9 (17.0) | 44 (83.0) | 0.544 | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.7) | 0.571 | 1.4 (0.5 to 4.2) |
| Moderate TD | 62 (27.7) | 14 (22.6) | 48 (77.4) | 0.156 | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.9) | 0.272 | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.1) |
| Severe TD | 40 (17.9) | 6 (15.0) | 34 (85.0) | 0.775 | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.6) | 0.585 | 1.4 (0.4 to 5.3) |
| Antibiotic use during travel‡ | |||||||
| No AB | 195 (87.1) | 32 (16.4) | 163 (87.6) | reference | 1.0 | reference | 1.0 |
| AB for TD | 24 (10.7) | 5 (20.8) | 19 (79.2) | 0.586 | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.9) | 0.311 | 2.0 (0.5 to 7.1) |
| AB other | 5 (2.2) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.831 | 1.3 (0.1 to 11.8) | 0.460 | 2.5 (0.2 to 28.4) |
*Percentages refer to proportion of risk factors.
†Percentages refer to proportion of participants with and without MSK symptoms for each risk factor.
‡Antibiotic regimens: 18 fluoroquinolones, 4 macrolides, 2 third-generation cephalosporins, 3 unknown and 5 others.
AB, antibiotic; aOR, adjusted OR; DEC, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli; TD, travellers' diarrhoea.