Code | AC pattern–—clinical relevance | Refs |
AC-15 | FIBRILLAR LINEAR (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| 17 | |
| 17,80 | |
| 81–83 | |
Notes: Although anti-F-actin immunoassays are commercially available, technical issues relating to the sensitivity of these immunoassays should be taken into consideration. | ||
AC-16 | FIBRILLAR FILAMENTOUS (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| ||
| ||
AC-17 | FIBRILLAR SEGMENTAL (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| ||
| ||
AC-18 | DISCRETE DOTS (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| 84 | |
| ||
Notes: Autoantibodies to GW-bodies and endosomes may yield slightly different HEp-2 IIFA patterns. | 84, 85 | |
AC-19 | DENSE FINE SPECKLED (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| 33, 86, 87 | |
| ||
| 86, 88, 89 | |
| 26, 33 | |
| 26 | |
Notes: The fine distinction between AC-19 and -20 may depend on HEp-2 substrates and/or antibody concentration; antibodies to both RibP as well as tRNA synthetases may be undetected in HEp-2 IIFA-screening. | ||
AC-20 | FINE SPECKLED | |
| 33, 90 | |
| 91, 92 | |
Notes: The fine distinction between AC-19 and -20 may depend on HEp-2 substrates and/or antibody concentration; antibodies to Jo-1 may be undetected in HEp-2 IIFA-screening. | ||
AC-21 | RETICULAR/AMA | |
| 93–97 | |
| 93, 94 | |
| 93, 94 | |
AC-22 | POLAR/GOLGI-like (see online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| ||
| 85 | |
AC-23 | RODS and RINGS (see (online supplementary table S2 for further details) | |
| 98–101 | |
| ||
Note: Presence of the AC-23 pattern depends on the HEp-2 cell substrate. |
*Availability of the inflammatory myopathy profile, the SSc profile and the (extended) liver profile may be limited to specialty clinical laboratories.
AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; AIM, autoimmune myopathy; AMA, anti-mitochondrial antibodies; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; Ago, argonaute protein; CENP, centromere-associated protein; CLIP, class II-associated invariant chain peptide; DFS, dense fine speckled; DM, dermatomyositis; EEA, early endosome antigen; ENA, extractable nuclear antigens; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IFA, indirect immunofluorescence assay; LAP, lamin-associated polypeptide; LBR, lamin B receptor; LEDGF, lens epithelial derived growth factor; NOR, nucleolus organizer region; NXP, nuclear matrix protein; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PML, promyelocytic leukaemia; PM/Scl, polymyositis-scleroderma; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RNApol, ribonucleic acid polymerase; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; SARD, systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SMN, survival of motor neuron; SRP, signal recognition protein; SSc, systemic sclerosis; SjS, Sjögren’s syndrome; TIF, transcription intermediary factor; TRIM, tripartite motif; Tpr, translocated promoter region; dsDNA, double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid; hUBF, human upstream binding factor; tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid.