Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, overall and per country
| Country | HDI rank (2013) | GDP* per capita adjusted to PPP, in international dollars (2013)** | Age, mean (SD) | Gender (% male) | ASDAS, mean (SD) | ASDAS ≥2.1, n (%) | BASFI, mean (SD) | University diploma, n (%) | Secondary education, n (%) | Low education, n (%) | Current smokers, n (%) | bDMARDs current use, n (%) |
| Argentina (n=178)sam | Very high | 22 404 | 44 (14) | 65 | 1.87 (1.10) | 73 (43) | 3.17 (2.87) | 67 (38) | 80 (45) | 31 (17) | 92 (52) | 59 (32) |
| Belgium (n=35)eu | Very high | 42 077 | 51 (11) | 74 | 1.98 (1.20) | 12 (35) | 3.36 (2.50) | 8 (23) | 25 (71) | 2 (6) | 24 (69) | 26 (78) |
| Canada (n=37)nam | Very high | 43 589 | 41 (13) | 62 | 1.89 (1.07) | 14 (42) | 2.56 (2.32) | 16 (46) | 15 (43) | 4 (11) | 24 (65) | 14 (39) |
| China (n=226)as | High | 11 885 | 29 (8) | 82 | 2.37 (1.12) | 124 (55) | 1.66 (2.06) | 99 (44) | 107 (47) | 20 (9) | 90 (40) | 12 (5) |
| Colombia (n=37)sam | High | 12 806 | 43 (15) | 57 | 2.30 (0.80) | 24 (67) | 4.56 (2.14) | 20 (54) | 10 (27) | 7 (19) | 15 (41) | 25 (62) |
| Egypt (n=211)af | Medium | 10 741 | 39 (13) | 55 | 2.28 (0.85) | 119 (57) | 4.18 (2.68) | 125 (59) | 61 (29) | 25 (12) | 49 (23) | 50 (25) |
| France (n=286)eu | Very high | 39 818 | 46 (13) | 61 | 1.97 (1.01) | 107 (39) | 2.73 (2.29) | 119 (42) | 116 (41) | 51 (18) | 185 (65) | 193 (69) |
| Germany (n=172)eu | Very high | 44 696 | 47 (13) | 55 | 2.72 (0.99) | 123 (72) | 4.84 (2.59) | 19 (11) | 152 (88) | 1 (1) | 122 (71) | 69 (38) |
| Italy (n=198)eu | Very high | 35 284 | 46 (13) | 39 | 1.86 (0.99) | 77 (39) | 3.06 (2.74) | 23 (12) | 144 (73) | 31 (16) | 60 (30) | 56 (28) |
| Japan (n=124)as | Very high | 36 793 | 47 (14) | 69 | 2.04 (1.20) | 52 (46) | 2.12 (2.69) | 66 (55) | 55 (45) | 0 (0) | 73 (59) | 31 (28) |
| Mexico (n=65)sam | High | 17 449 | 42 (17) | 75 | 1.88 (1.34) | 25 (40) | 3.85 (3.00) | 39 (60) | 19 (29) | 7 (11) | 25 (38) | 12 (19) |
| Morocco (n=97)af | Medium | 7356 | 42 (12) | 66 | 2.78 (1.14) | 66 (70) | 4.42 (2.58) | 31 (32) | 22 (23) | 44 (45) | 24 (25) | 22 (22) |
| The Netherlands (n=153)eu | Very high | 46 434 | 50 (13) | 65 | 2.06 (0.88) | 64 (45) | 2.83 (2.49) | 53 (35) | 92 (60) | 8 (5) | 84 (55) | 51 (35) |
| Portugal (n=65)eu | Very high | 26 188 | 47 (12) | 65 | 2.37 (1.18) | 18 (51) | 3.09 (2.62) | 25 (39) | 19 (30) | 20 (31) | 29 (45) | 22 (34) |
| Russia (n=192)eu | High | 24 297 | 36 (9) | 74 | 2.40 (1.02) | 114 (59) | 4.25 (2.58) | 136 (71) | 54 (28) | 2 (1) | 41 (21) | 91 (47) |
| Singapore (n=172)as | Very high | 80 295 | 39 (13) | 83 | 1.67 (0.89) | 34 (27) | 2.20 (2.27) | 75 (44) | 84 (49) | 13 (8) | 62 (36) | 36 (19) |
| South Korea (n=195)as | Very high | 33 791 | 38 (12) | 83 | 1.47 (0.96) | 44 (23) | 1.65 (2.11) | 130 (67) | 63 (32) | 2 (1) | 102 (52) | 98 (51) |
| Spain (n=212)eu | Very high | 32 680 | 48 (13) | 74 | 1.44 (0.96) | 52 (25) | 2.82 (2.40) | 56 (26) | 94 (44) | 62 (29) | 123 (58) | 114 (56) |
| Taiwan (n=193)as | Missing | 43 677 | 41 (12) | 68 | 1.63 (0.87) | 50 (26) | 2.30 (2.34) | 120 (62) | 66 (34) | 7 (4) | 76 (39) | 45 (22) |
| Turkey (n=199)eu | High | 18 993 | 41 (11) | 63 | 1.91 (0.85) | 74 (39) | 2.73 (2.40) | 49 (25) | 71 (36) | 79 (40) | 112 (56) | 73 (38) |
| UK (n=184)eu | Very high | 38 224 | 50 (14) | 66 | 2.33 (1.13) | 82 (57) | 4.72 (3.00) | 77 (42) | 104 (57) | 3 (2) | 103 (56) | 90 (47) |
| USA (n=139)nam | Very high | 52 939 | 51 (12) | 49 | 1.67 (1.05) | 39 (33) | 3.38 (2.73) | 93 (67) | 44 (32) | 2 (1) | 55 (40) | 86 (64) |
| Total (n=3370) | 43 (14) | 66 | 2.02 (1.07) | 1387 (44) | 3.10 (2.69) | 1446 (43) | 1497 (45) | 421 (13) | 1570 (47) | 1275 (38) |
Results reflect mean (SD) or n (%).
*Low GDP (lowest tertile) is in bold.
ASDAS, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; GDP, gross domestic product; HDI, Human Development Index; PPP, purchasing power parity; af, Africa; as, Asia; bDMARD, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic agent; eu, Europe; nam, North America; sam, South America.