Being employed OR (95% CI) | Absenteeism OR (95% CI) | Presenteeism OR (95% CI) | |
HCE-PPP per capita (low vs medium and high) | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
HDI (very high vs medium and high) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.3) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.0) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) |
GDP-PPP per capita (low vs medium and high) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.7) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.1) |
Unemployment (low vs medium and high) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | NA | NA |
*Country-level SE factors tested in the final multivariable models with clinical factors (same models from table 3).
GDP, gross domestic product; HCE, healthcare expenditure; HDI, Health Development Index; NA, not applicable.