Association of baseline SUA level and incident all-cause dementia and by type
| % | Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3 ‡ | Model 4§ | |||||
| UA level (μmol/L) | (N event) | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| All-cause dementia (n=110) | |||||||||
| <75th percentile | 5.7 (68) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥75th percentile | 10.3 (42) | 1.67 (1.13;2.47) | 0.009 | 1.81 (1.18;2.75) | 0.006 | 1.79 (1.17;2.73) | 0.007 | 1.86 (1.21;2.86) | 0.004 |
| Q1 | 4.8 (19) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Q2 | 6.0 (24) | 1.12 (0.61; 2.04) | 0.72 | 1.18 (0.64; 2.19) | 0.60 | 1.20 (0.65; 2.22) | 0.57 | 1.27 (0.68; 2.37) | 0.45 |
| Q3 | 6.3 (25) | 1.30 (0.72; 2.36) | 0.39 | 1.42 (0.77; 2.62) | 0.27 | 1.46 (0.79; 2.71) | 0.23 | 1.62 (0.87; 3.03) | 0.13 |
| Q4 | 10.3 (42) | 1.90 (1.10; 3.29) | 0.021 | 2.20 (1.21; 3.98) | 0.009 | 2.21 (1.22; 4.00) | 0.009 | 2.43 (1.34; 4.42) | 0.004 |
| p for linear trend | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 | |||||
| Alzheimer’s disease (n=76) | |||||||||
| <75th percentile | 4.2 (49) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥75th percentile | 6.9 (27) | 1.48 (0.92; 2.39) | 0.11 | 1.55 (0.92; 2.59) | 0.10 | 1.55 (0.92; 2.61) | 0.10 | 1.61 (0.96; 2.72) | 0.07 |
| Q1 | 3.8 (15) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Q2 | 3.8 (15) | 0.88 (0.43; 1.81) | 0.74 | 0.90 (0.43; 1.87) | 0.77 | 0.92 (0.44; 1.92) | 0.82 | 0.99 (0.47; 2.10) | 0.99 |
| Q3 | 4.9 (19) | 1.25 (0.63; 2.45) | 0.52 | 1.31 (0.65; 2.64) | 0.45 | 1.35 (0.67; 2.73) | 0.41 | 1.52 (0.74; 3.11) | 0.26 |
| Q4 | 6.9 (27) | 1.54 (0.81; 2.91) | 0.19 | 1.66 (0.83; 3.33) | 0.15 | 1.70 (0.84; 3.42) | 0.14 | 1.89 (0.94; 3.83) | 0.08 |
| p for linear trend | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | |||||
| Vascular or mixed dementia (n=20) | |||||||||
| <75th percentile | 0.8 (9) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| ≥75th percentile | 2.9 (11) | 3.11 (1.29; 7.53) | 0.012 | 3.74 (1.35; 10.36) | 0.011 | 3.66 (1.29; 10.41) | 0.015 | 3.59 (1.26; 10.20) | 0.017 |
| Q1 | 0.5 (2) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Q2 | 1.3 (5) | 1.98 (0.38; 10.22) | 0.42 | 2.72 (0.52; 14.34) | 0.94 | 2.88 (0.54; 15.40) | 0.22 | 2.97 (0.56; 15.89) | 0.20 |
| Q3 | 0.5 (2) | 0.97 (0.14; 6.87) | 0.97 | 1.34 (0.18; 9.96) | 0.78 | 1.41 (0.19; 10.55) | 0.74 | 1.42 (0.19; 10.82) | 0.74 |
| Q4 | 2.9 (11) | 4.25 (0.94; 19.24) | 0.06 | 6.38 (1.23; 33.26) | 0.028 | 6.47 (1.21; 34.43) | 0.029 | 6.41 (1.20; 34.29) | 0.03 |
| p for linear trend | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.022 | |||||
*Model 1: adjusted for education level, gender.
†Model 2: model 1 + BMI, tobacco and alcohol consumption, cholesterol (LDL and HDL), triglycerides, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, interaction between hypertension and time (age at last follow-up or dementia occurrence), history of cardiovascular disease, glomerular filtration rate and APOE-ε4.
‡Model 3: model 2 + NSAIDs, aspirin or diuretics.
§Model 4: model 3 + CRP and IL-6 levels, and interaction between IL-6 and time (age at last follow-up or dementia occurrence).
APOE, apolipoprotein E; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IL, interleukin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SUA, serum uric acid.
Q1: quartile 1 (lowest quartile); Q2: quartile 2; Q3: quartile 3; Q4: quartile 4 (highest quartile). Cutoffs gender-specific for SUA: 75th percentile=345 for men, 292 for women; Q1: <260 in men, <209 for women; Q2: 260–299 for men, 209–247 for women; Q3: 299–345 for men, 247–292 for women; Q4: ≥345 for men, ≥292 for women.