Population attributable risk for 10-year cardiovascular disease risk by sex
| Risk factor | Target values | Multivariable-adjusted* Population attributable risk, % | p Value for sex difference | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | Overall | Women | Men | ||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | Decreased to 4.5 mmol/L | 11.5 | 5.4 | 15.7 | 0.56 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | Decreased to 2.5 mmol/L | 0.2 | 8.1 | −9.1 | 0.41 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | Increased to 1.2 mmol/L for women, 1.0 mmol/L for men | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.43 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L† | Decreased to 1.7 mmol/L | 2.6 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 0.29 |
| Current/former smoker | Never smoked | 23.7 | 18.1 | 37.2 | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | Absence | 19.6 | 14.7 | 26.1 | 0.24 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Absence | 2.7 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.39 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | Decreased to 25 kg/m2 | −0.2 | −0.7 | 1.2 | 0.81 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||
| DAS28 ≥3.2 | Decreased to <3.2 | 12.6 | 16.9 | 6.2 | 0.46 |
| RF/ACPA positive | Negative | 12.2 | 13.7 | 9.4 | 0.74 |
| ESR, mm/hour | Decreased to 20 mm/hour | 1.2 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.76 |
| CRP, mg/L | Decreased to 5 mg/L | 1.5 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.77 |
| All CVD risk factors | 49.0 | 42.8 | 61.1 | 0.29 | |
| All RA characteristics | 30.3 | 39.9 | 18.0 | 0.39 | |
| All CVD and all RA characteristics | 69.6 | 72.7 | 69.3 | 0.87 | |
*All CVD risk factors (including age) were included in one multivariable model for each sex, except triglycerides. Each RA variable was subsequently added to each sex-specific multivariable model including all the CVD risk factors.
†Estimates for triglycerides were obtained by removing HDL-c and adding triglycerides to the overall multivariable model.
ACPA, anticitrullinated protein antibodies; CRP, C reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DAS28, Disease Activity Score including 28 joints; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RF, rheumatoid factor.