Confounding and modifying effects of systemic lupus erythematosus risk in statin users versus non-statin users
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | |||||||
| SLE (n) | IR† | Past statin use | Recent statin use | Current statin use | Current statin use≤1 year | Current statin use>1 year | |
| By age, years | |||||||
| 40–60 | 109 | 0.7 | 1.44 (0.65 to 3.18) | 2.23 (0.98 to 5.03) | 1.07 (0.61 to 1.88) | 1.35 (0.68 to 2.69) | 0.92 (0.49 to 1.73) |
| 61–80 | 137 | 0.7 | 1.12 (0.58 to 2.16) | 0.69 (0.29 to 1.60) | 0.51 (0.31 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.41 to 1.38) | 0.40 (0.23 to 0.69) |
| >80 | 11 | 0.3 | 2.37 (0.22 to 24.73) | 4.22 (0.56 to 31.80) | 1.46 (0.29 to 7.53) | 1.48 (0.23 to 9.31) | 1.46 (0.21 to 9.99) |
| By sex | |||||||
| Women | 202 | 1.0 | 1.36 (0.79 to 2.33) | 1.52 (0.82 to 2.82) | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.68) | 0.59 (0.38 to 0.94) |
| Men | 55 | 0.3 | 1.01 (0.28 to 3.62) | 0.73 (0.19 to 2.86) | 0.79 (0.37 to 1.73) | 0.94 (0.37 to 2.37) | 0.71 (0.30 to 1.66) |
| By any previous history of disease | |||||||
| No previous cardiovascular disease | 191 | 0.7 | 1.62 (0.93 to 3.32) | 1.75 (0.92 to 3.32) | 0.96 (0.64 to 1.45) | 1.32 (0.79 to 2.21) | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.24) |
| Previous cardiovascular disease | 66 | 0.6 | 0.45 (0.16 to 1.27) | 0.39 (0.13 to 1.21) | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.52) | 0.32 (0.14 to 0.72) | 0.24 (0.12 to 0.50) |
| No previous cardiovascular risk factor‡ | 102 | 0.6 | 1.69 (0.77 to 3.74) | 0.60 (0.14 to 2.62) | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.20) | 0.71 (0.31 to 1.65) | 0.56 (0.24 to 1.29) |
| Previous cardiovascular risk factor | 155 | 0.7 | 1.49 (0.76 to 2.94) | 1.87 (0.93 to 3.76) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.58) | 1.37 (0.74 to 2.53) | 0.80 (0.46 to 1.37) |
| No previous hyperlipidaemia | 189 | 0.6 | 0.93 (0.47 to 1.82) | 1.47 (0.75 to 2.85) | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.10) | 0.97 (0.58 to 1.61) | 0.62 (0.38 to 1.00) |
| Previous hyperlipidaemia | 68 | 0.8 | 5.33 (0.69 to 41.14) | 2.73 (0.32 to 23.14) | 2.02 (0.27 to 14.82) | 2.69 (0.35 to 20.89) | 1.71 (0.23 to 12.95) |
| No previous hypertension | 139 | 0.7 | 1.61 (0.86 to 3.01) | 0.56 (0.19 to 1.68) | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.18) | 0.85 (0.45 to 1.61) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.11) |
| Previous hypertension | 118 | 0.7 | 1.01 (0.43 to 2.36) | 1.99 (0.93 to 4.28) | 0.80 (0.45 to 1.41) | 1.16 (0.58 to 2.32) | 0.66 (0.36 to 1.22) |
| No previous diabetes | 218 | 0.6 | 1.21 (0.69 to 2.12) | 1.42 (0.76 to 2.61) | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.28) | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.03) | 0.68 (0.44 to 1.06) |
| Previous diabetes | 39 | 0.7 | 1.10 (0.33 to 3.70) | 0.71 (0.17 to 2.99) | 0.29 (0.10 to 0.81) | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.97) | 0.29 (0.10 to 0.85) |
*Adjusted for confounders as shown in table 2.
†Incidence rate is calculated for each recency of statin use by dividing the number of events by the person time within each given recency of use.
‡Cardiovascular risk factor included previous hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes.
IR, incidence rate (per 10 000 person-years); SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.