Patient characteristics
| HC (n=24) | SLE (n=47) | SLE+APS (n=28) | PAPS (n=24) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 43 (35–50) | 43 (28–52) | 45 (39–54) | 39 (31–50) |
| Female | 91% | 96% | 100% | 96% |
| SLE duration (year) | 12 (4–23) | 16 (12–26) | N.A. | |
| APS duration (year) | N.A. | 15 (8–21) | 6 (3–19) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24 (22–27) | 26 (22–32) | 23 (21–31) | |
| aPL profile | ||||
| Lupus anticoagulant | 7% | 71% | 83% | |
| Anti-cardiolipin IgG | 17% | 71% | 88% | |
| Anti-cardiolipin IgM | 10% | 11% | 38% | |
| Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgG | 8% | 30% | 38% | |
| Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgM | 6% | 0% | 8% | |
| Triple positive (IgG or IgM) | 2% | 21% | 42% | |
| APS manifestations | ||||
| Arterial thrombosis | 13% | 54% | 58% | |
| Venous thrombosis | 4% | 54% | 42% | |
| Obstetric complications | 6% | 25% | 29% | |
| ACR criteria | ||||
| Lupus nephritis | 51% | 39% | 0% | |
| Arthritis | 70% | 71% | 0% | |
| Discoid rash | 21% | 18% | 0% | |
| Malar rash | 64% | 54% | 0% | |
| Photosensitivity | 47% | 54% | 0% | |
| Oral ulcers | 32% | 36% | 0% | |
| Serositis | 28% | 14% | 0% | |
| Neurological disorder | 4% | 21% | 13%* | |
| Haematological disorder | 66% | 86% | 33%† | |
| Actual drug use | ||||
| Oral anticoagulant | 2% | 68% | 67% | |
| Aspirin | 21% | 36% | 50% | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 75% | 50% | 25% | |
| Statin | 19% | 32% | 38% | |
| Prednisone | 53% | 39% | 0% | |
| Prednisone dose (mg/day) | 7.5 (5–10) | 7.5 (5–10) | – | |
| Azathioprine | 38% | 32% | 0% | |
| MMF | 11% | 7% | 0% | |
Medians with IQR or percentage of total.
*Seizures.
†Thrombocytopenia.
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; aPL, antiphospholipid antibodies; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; HC, healthy controls; PAPS, primary APS; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.