Onset of chronic pain | |||
---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p Value | N† | |
HPA-axis | |||
AUCga | 1339 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | 0.16 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) | 0.10 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.22) | 0.17 | |
AUCia | 1339 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.11) | 0.81 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.98 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.11) | 0.80 | |
Mean evening levela | 1454 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.22) | 0.14 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) | 0.14 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.23) | 0.19 | |
Cortisol suppression ratioa | 1375 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.67 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.11) | 0.79 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.94 | |
IMS | |||
CRPb | 2016 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.11) | 0.97 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.05) | 0.30 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.05) | 0.29 | |
IL-6b | 2016 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.18) | 0.11 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.14) | 0.48 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15) | 0.40 | |
TNF-αb | 2002 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.11) | 0.95 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) | 0.65 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) | 0.66 | |
IMS | |||
Basal summary indexb | 1994 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15) | 0.39 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.10) | 0.78 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.10) | 0.82 | |
LPS summary indexb,c | 862 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) | 0.17 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.34) | 0.32 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.32) | 0.42 | |
ANS | |||
Heart rated | 1951 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) | 0.56 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12) | 0.74 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) | 0.78 | |
PEPd | 1937 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 0.14 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.13 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) | 0.24 | |
SDNNd | 1951 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) | 0.22 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | 0.34 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 0.44 | |
RSAd,e | 1951 | ||
Sociodemographic adjusted‡ | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.03) | 0.14 | |
Lifestyle and disease adjusted§ | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.04) | 0.19 | |
Depression and anxiety adjusted¶ | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.06) | 0.35 |
*Using Cox regression analyses; HR=HR per 1 SD increase; ln-transformed variables were used for evening cortisol, postdexamethasone cortisol and basal inflammatory markers.
†Numbers of subjects do not total 2039 because of exclusion of subjects with missing or incomplete data.
‡Adjusted for sex, age, years of education (and a cortisol sampling factors; c laboratory site; e respiration rate).
§Additionally adjusted for alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, number of chronic diseases and physical activity (and b use of anti-inflammatory medication; duse of β blocking agents or other heart medication)
¶Additionally adjusted for lifetime diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders and use of antidepressants.
ANS, autonomic nervous system; AUCg, area under the curve with respect to the ground; AUCi, area under the curve with respect to the increase; CRP, C reactive protein; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IMS, immune system; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PEP, pre-ejection period; RSA, respiratory sinus arrhythmia; SDNN, SD of the normal-to-normal interval; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α.