Risk of incident comorbidity after diagnosis of gout
| At-risk cases | At-risk controls | Unadjusted HRs | Adjusted HRs† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 39 111 (25.40) | 39 111 (20.20) | 1.34 (1.29–1.39)* | 1.36 (1.31–1.42)* |
| Charlson index ≥1 | 24 152 (41.31) | 28 171 (29.40) | 1.62 (1.55–1.70)* | 1.41 (1.34–1.48)* |
| Any increase in Charlson index | 39 111 (25.51) | 39 111 (21.18) | 1.31 (1.26–1.36)* | 1.20 (1.16–1.26)* |
| Neoplasms | ||||
| Solid malignancy, leukaemia and lymphoma | 37 040 (12.52) | 37 375 (11.04) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23)* | 1.10 (1.04–1.16)* |
| Metastatic solid tumours | 39 057 (1.57) | 39 047 (1.47) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||||
| Hypertension | 25 496 (31.47) | 31 798 (21.21) | 1.83 (1.74–1.92)* | 1.51 (1.43–1.58)* |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 35 669 (9.60) | 37 656 (6.18) | 1.74 (1.62–1.86)* | 1.59 (1.48–1.70)* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 36 767 (7.74) | 37 494 (5.99) | 1.38 (1.29–1.47)* | 1.29 (1.62–1.86)* |
| Congestive heart failure | 35 772 (5.78) | 38 192 (3.25) | 2.01 (1.84–2.18)* | 1.81 (1.65–1.98)* |
| Myocardial infarction | 36 973 (4.39) | 38 032 (3.52) | 1.25 (1.14–1.37)* | 1.16 (1.05–1.28)* |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 37 605 (3.90) | 38 189 (2.62) | 1.58 (1.44–1.74)* | 1.56 (1.40–1.72)* |
| Valvular heart disease | 38 223 (2.93) | 38 735 (1.64) | 1.96 (1.76–2.19)* | 1.80 (1.60–2.04)* |
| Genitourinary diseases | ||||
| Urolithiasis | 38 743 (0.84) | 38 855 (0.63) | 1.39 (1.16–1.67)* | 1.26 (1.02–1.55)* |
| Renal diseases | 37 919 (8.00) | 38 899 (2.81) | 3.43 (3.13–3.76)* | 3.18 (2.88–3.50)* |
| Metabolic and endocrine diseases | ||||
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus | 36 342 (12.07) | 36 832 (5.94) | 2.15 (2.02–2.29)* | 1.65 (1.54–1.77)* |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 38 604 (10.82) | 38 669 (6.29) | 1.80 (1.70–1.92)* | 1.35 (1.26–1.45)* |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 35 156 (10.69) | 37 011 (7.30) | 1.64 (1.54–1.75)* | 1.40 (1.31–1.50)* |
| Hypothyroidism | 37 701 (4.00) | 38 237 (2.81) | 1.53 (1.40–1.68)* | 1.46 (1.32–1.61)* |
| Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases | ||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 39 079 (0.29) | 39 084 (0.19) | 1.53 (1.09–2.16)* | 1.37 (0.95–2.00) |
| Mild liver disease | 38 321 (1.64) | 38 416 (1.12) | 1.52 (1.32–1.75)* | 1.47 (1.26–1.72)* |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 38 960 (1.26) | 38 997 (0.53) | 2.39 (2.00–2.85)* | 1.97 (1.61–2.41)* |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 33 795 (8.11) | 35 267 (6.81) | 1.20 (1.12–1.28)* | 1.10 (1.02–1.18)* |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 34 843 (12.10) | 36 062 (7.84) | 1.71 (1.61–1.82)* | 1.45 (1.35–1.54)* |
| Rheumatological disease | 36 325 (10.43) | 36 719 (5.54) | 1.96 (1.84–2.10)* | 1.57 (1.46–1.69)* |
| Neurological and mental disorders | ||||
| Dementia | 38 994 (2.22) | 38 892 (2.63) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93)* | 0.82 (0.73–0.92)* |
| Hemiplegia | 38 959 (0.51) | 38 968 (0.36) | 1.50 (1.19–1.89)* | 1.48 (1.16–1.90)* |
| Multiple sclerosis | 39 081 (0.05) | 39 053 (0.06) | 0.70 (0.37–1.30) | 0.70 (0.22–2.18) |
| Other neurological diseases | 38 419 (3.01) | 38 261 (2.94) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
| Psychosis | 38 953 (0.63) | 38 901 (0.60) | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) |
| Depression | 34 379 (11.93) | 35 047 (9.42) | 1.28 (1.21–1.35)* | 1.19 (1.12–1.26)* |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Anaemia | 35 727 (13.54) | 36 854 (8.63) | 1.74 (1.65–1.84)* | 1.58 (1.49–1.68)* |
| Psoriasis | 37 858 (2.17) | 38 233 (1.35) | 1.62 (1.44–1.82)* | 1.53 (1.34–1.74)* |
| HIV infection | 39 099 (0.02) | 39 108 (0.02) | 2.00 (0.60–6.64) | 1.84 (0.62–5.44) |
Figures are number of at-risk population (percentage of at-risk population who developed incident comorbidity) and HRs (95% CIs).
*p<0.05.†Adjusted for age, gender, index year, BMI class, smoking status and alcohol consumption.
BMI, body mass index.