Table 2

Meta-analyses of fracture risk assessment tools according to outcome specifications

Tool	Outcome specifications (BMD/site/sex)	Number of studies	Number of participants	Meta-analysis: random effect model AUC (95% CI)	Heterogeneity, I²
FRAX (10-year prediction)	Y/MOP/W	n=539 41 43 44 60	14 224	0.67 (0.64 to 0.71)*	80.2%*
	N/MOP/W	n=739 41 42 44 47 48 76	24 726	0.65 (0.63 to 0.68)*	67.6%*
	N/Hip/W	n=939 41–44 47 48 53 57	131 244	0.74 (0.68 to 0.80)*	94.3%*
	Y/Hip/W	n=539 41 44 53 57	115 611	0.79 (0.73 to 0.85)*	93.3%*
	N/MOP/M	n=245 47	11 199	0.63 (0.60 to 0.66)*	0.0%
	N/Hip/M	n=245 47	11 199	0.71 (0.65 to 0.77)*	40.8%
	Y/MOP/B	n=346 51	276 786	0.63 (0.60 to 0.66)*	97.1%*
	Y/Hip/B	n=346 51	276 786	0.77 (0.73 to 0.81)*	69.8%*
	N/MOP/B	n=346 51	276 786	0.61 (0.57 to 0.64)*	96.3%*
	N/Hip/B	n=346 51	276 786	0.67 (0.61 to 0.73)*	94.7%*
GARVAN-GRX (10-year prediction)	Y/Hip/W	n=268 39	5574	0.74 (0.61 to 0.87)*	88.2%*
	Y/MOP/W	n=339 68 69	6932	0.70 (0.64 to 0.75)*	93.8%*
	Y/MOP/M	n=268 69	5010	0.73 (0.68 to 0.78)*	59.0%
QFracture (10-years prediction)	N/MOP/W	n=333 70	1 778 570	0.81 (0.78 to 0.834)*	97.8%*
	N/MOP/M	n=233 70	1 741 983	0.72 (0.67 to 0.76)*	99.2%*
	N/Hip/W	n=333 42 70	1 779 154	0.89 (0.88 to 0.89)*	96.3%*
	N/Hip/M	n=233 70	1 741 983	0.87 (0.86 to 0.88)*	71.0%

Moderate heterogeneity: Higgins I² ∼50%; high heterogeneity, Higgins I² ∼75%.
*p<0.05.
AUC, area under the curve; B, both sexes; BMD, bone mass density; Hip, hip fractures; M, men; MOP, major osteoporotic fractures (MOPs are defined differently for the different instruments); N, without BMD; W, women; Y, with BMD.