Risk factor analysis of OF in patients with SSc*
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07 to 1.11) | <0.001 |
| SSc duration ≥3 years | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.70) | 0.912 | ||
| Female | 3.27 (1.32 to 8.12) | 0.011 | 4.88 (1.96 to 12.15) | 0.001 |
| Co-morbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 2.97 (1.83 to 4.79) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.45 (1.37 to 4.40) | 0.003 | – | – |
| Coronary artery disease | 3.26 (1.84 to 5.77) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Heart failure | 2.11 (1.05 to 4.25) | 0.036 | – | – |
| ESRD | 0.46 (0.06 to 3.29) | 0.436 | ||
| CVA | 2.01 (0.92 to 4.39) | 0.079 | ||
| COPD | 2.12 (1.21 to 3.69) | 0.008 | – | – |
| Asthma | 1.89 (1.02 to 3.51) | 0.044 | – | – |
| Thyroid disease | 1.13 (0.49 to 2.61) | 0.777 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 1.85 (0.45 to 7.54) | 0.392 | ||
| Overlap syndrome | 1.23 (0.78 to 1.94) | 0.384 | ||
| SSc-related complication | ||||
| Interstitial lung disease | 1.33 (0.49 to 3.64) | 0.58 | ||
| PAH | 1.83 (0.45 to 7.45) | 0.4 | ||
| Malnutrition | 3.19 (1.16 to 8.75) | 0.024 | – | – |
| Ileus | 1.32 (0.48 to 3.61) | 0.594 | ||
| Immunosuppressive drugs | ||||
| D-penicillamine | 0.84 (0.52 to 1.35) | 0.465 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide IV | 0.96 (0.39 to 2.38) | 0.929 | ||
| Methylprednisolone IV | 2.23 (1.20 to 4.14) | 0.011 | – | – |
| Daily prednisolone >7.5 mg† | 4.36 (2.75 to 6.91) | <0.001 | 4.75 (2.97 to 7.61) | <0.001 |
| Medication for bowel involvement | ||||
| Metoclopramide IV | 2.35 (1.48 to 3.72) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.02 to 2.60) | 0.042 |
| Oral prokinetic drugs | 2.92 (1.46 to 5.88) | 0.003 | – | – |
| Oral proton pump inhibitors | 2.11 (1.32 to 3.38) | 0.002 | – | – |
*All factors with p<0.05 in the univariate analyses were selected for Cox multivariable forward stepwise analysis.
†Mean oral prednisolone equivalent to >7.5 mg per day.
OF, osteoporotic fracture; SSc, systemic sclerosis; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; CVA, cerebral vascular accident; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IV, intravenous; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension.