Change in cardiovascular risk factors and body composition over time
| Exercise group | Control group | p Value (group×time interaction) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | ||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 130.9±12.5 | 126.2±9.6* | 123.8±11.5** | 126.5±14.0 | 128.1±12.9 | 131.2±12.4* | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.6±6.2 | 75.9±6.7* | 75.5±6.0* | 75.8±8.8 | 77.9±10.3 | 79.3±8.1* | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.5±0.6 | 1.4±0.9 | 1.2±0.5* | 1.6±0.9 | 1.6±1.0 | 1.7±0.9 | 0.031 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.0±1.0 | 4.9±1.1 | 4.7±1.1 | 4.8±1.0 | 4.7±1.0 | 4.9±1.0 | 0.079 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.3±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.3 | 1.4±0.3 | 0.042 |
| TC/HDL | 3.9±1.1 | 3.7±1.0 | 3.5±0.8* | 3.5±1.4 | 3.7±1.4 | 3.9±1.3 | 0.005 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 65 (50.5–95.2) | 64.5 (44.3–104.8) | 66.4 (51.3–101.5) | 49 (21–90.2) | 48.7 (20.1–77.4) | 56.5 (21.5–104.5) | 0.192 |
| HOMA | 2.5±1.6 | 2.2±1.5 | 2.4±1.3 | 1.7±1.2 | 1.7±0.8 | 1.5±0.8 | 0.098 |
| QUICKI | 0.336±0.050 | 0.342±0.040 | 0.346±0.033 | 0.360±0.056 | 0.358±0.027 | 0.368±0.065 | 0.214 |
| 10-year CVD risk (%) | 1.0 (0–4.0) | 1.0 (0–3.8) | 1.0 (0–3.5)* | 1.0 (0–3.0) | 1.0 (0–5.0) | 1.0 (0–5.0) | 0.012 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7±5.1 | 28.6±5.0 | 28.0±4.8* | 28.8±5.3 | 29.0±5.5 | 29.1±5.4 | <0.001 |
| BF (%) | 36.1±8.4 | 34.8±8.3* | 33.6±7.9* | 37.2±8.7 | 37.4±8.1 | 38.3±7.9 | <0.001 |
| HAQ | 1.4±0.8 | 1.0±0.6** | 0.9±0.6** | 1.3±0.7 | 1.6±0.5 | 1.5±0.6 | 0.003 |
| DAS28 | 3.5±1.2 | 2.9±0.8* | 2.7±0.7* | 3.1±1.2 | 3.1±0.6 | 3.2±0.9 | 0.008 |
| CRP | 3.0 (3.0–13.0) | 3.0 (3.0–4.0) | 4.0 (3.0–8.0) | 3.0 (3.0–7.7) | 5.0 (3.0–10.0) | 7.0 (3.0–15.0) | 0.042 |
Results expressed as mean±SD or median (range).
*Significant difference to baseline p<0.05 (repeated measures ANOVA).
**Significant difference to baseline p<0.001 (repeated measures ANOVA).
BF, body fat; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Chol, cholesterol; CVD, cardiovascular disease risk; DAS28, Disease Activity Score 28; HAQ, Health Assessment Questionnaire; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; TC, total cholesterol.