Table 2

Some targeted biological treatments in development for SLE

Medication	Target	Trial phase	Results	Reference
Rituximab	CD20	Phase II	Endpoints not met, under evaluation	78
Ocrelizumab	CD20	Phase II	Early terminated trial: under evaluation	79
Epratuzumab	CD22	Phase II	Dose-finding study	80
Belimumab	BLyS	Phase III	Two phase III trials met primary endpoint	70 81
Atacicept	BLyS and APRIL	Phase II/III	Under evaluation	82
BG9588	CD40 ligand	Phase I/II	Thrombotic complications	83 84
Abatacept	CTLA4	Phase II	Endpoints not met	85
Infliximab, etc	TNF	NA	Increased anti-dsDNA, anecdotal reports of efficacy in severe lupus	85
Tocilizumab	IL-6R	Phase I	In progress	85 86
MEDI-545	IFNα	Phase II	In progress	87
Rontalizumab	IFNα	Phase II	In progress	88
Eculizumab	C5	Early reports	Some early evidence of possible use in TMHA syndromes (acquired TTP-like syndromes)	89
Lupuzor	CD4 T cells relevant to anti-RNP production	Phase II	Subgroup analysis indicated a possible efficacy signal	90

RNP, ribonuclear protein; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; TMHA, thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura.