Reference | Type of study | n | HCQ/CQ | Race | Age (mean) | Time-dependent analysis | Main outcome | AM effect |
Wallace et al, 198742 | Observational cohort | 92 | HCQ ever | W (70%) | 42 | No | Thrombosis | Patients treated with HCQ had less thrombosis (p<0.05) |
Erkan et al, 200245 | Cross-sectional study | 58* | HCQ prior to event | W (80%) | NA | No | Thrombosis | Prior treatment with HCQ more frequent in patients without thrombosis (p<0.001) |
H (8%) | ||||||||
B (8%) | ||||||||
C (3%) | ||||||||
Toloza et al, 20046 | Observational cohort | 446 | HCQ ever | B (45%) | 36.5 | No | Arterial thrombosis | No effect (p>0.05) |
H (43%) | ||||||||
W (35%) | ||||||||
Mok et al, 20054 | Observational cohort | 625 | HCQ ever | C (41%) | 337.5 | No | Thrombosis | Arterial thrombosis: OR 0.99 (95% CI 0.53 to 1.85) |
W (36%) | Venous thrombosis: OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.38 to 1.40) | |||||||
B (22%) | ||||||||
Ho et al, 200543 | Observational cohort | 442 | HCQ prior to event | B (39%) | NA | No | Thrombosis | OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.94) |
H (30%) | ||||||||
W (30%) | ||||||||
de Leeuw et al, 200646 | Cross-sectional study | 72 | HCQ ever | NA | 41 | No | CV disease | Patients with CV disease less time (56 vs 33 months) and lower cumulative dose of HCQ (631 vs 244 g), differences not significant |
Ruiz-Irastorza et al, 200644 | Observational cohort | 232 | AM at the time of event | W (99%) | 36.2 | Yes | Thrombosis | HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.90) |
Mok et al, 200747 | Retrospective cohort | SLE 162 | HCQ >3 months ever | C | 29 (SLE) | No | Arterial thrombosis | Adjusted HR 2.03 (95% CI 0.74 to 5.60); pooled analysis of patients with SLE and GN |
GN 181 | 42 (GN) |
*This study included 133 patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies, of whom 58 had SLE. The results were obtained for the whole group of patients.
AM, antimalarial; B, black; C, Chinese; CQ, chloroquine; CV, cardiovascular; GN, primary glomerulonephritis; H, Hispanic; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; W, white.