| Characteristic | DLN(n = 48) | ELN(n = 187) | NLN(n = 164) | p Value(global) |
| Age at onset,(years), mean (SD) | 26.5 (10.0) | 26.1 (10.2) | 30.1 (11.9) | 0.002 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 38.0 (15.4) | 32.3 (11.8) | 40.6 (14.8) | 0.001 |
| Duration of SLE (years), mean (SD) | 20.6 (7.8) | 8.2 (7.2) | 17.1 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Jaccoud’s arthropathy | 0/47 | 3 (1.6) | 12/163 (7.4) | 0.007 |
| Raynaud’s phenomenon | 20 (41.7) | 57 (30.5) | 78 (47.6) | 0.004 |
| Lung involvement | 15 (31.3) | 31 (16.6) | 53 (32.3) | 0.001 |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 15/45 (33.3) | 12/174 (6.9) | 34/159 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| APS | 13 (27.1) | 23 (12.3) | 25 (15.2) | 0.03 |
| IgG anticardiolipin antibodies | 18/45 (40) | 37/172 (21.5) | 43/148 (29.1) | 0.03 |
| Lupus anticoagulant | 9/35 (25.7) | 25/143 (17.5) | 34/103 (33.0) | 0.01 |
| Anti-dsDNA antibodies | 39/46 (84.8) | 127/183 (69.4) | 76/154 (49.4) | <0.001 |
| Anti-Sm antibodies | 11/43 (25.6) | 52/177 (29.4) | 15/142 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Anti-RNP antibodies | 16/42 (38.1) | 60/179 (33.5) | 32/144 (22.2) | 0.03 |
| Low C3 | 12/23 (52.2) | 84/140 (60.0) | 21/69 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| Low C4 | 12/23 (52.2) | 75/139 (54.0) | 23/69 (33.3) | 0.01 |
Results are shown as number (%) unless indicated otherwise.
APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; DLN, delayed lupus nephritis; ELN, early-onset lupus nephritis; NLN, no lupus nephritis.