Table 2 Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) estimates for cancer occurrence in systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE)*

	HR	95% CI
All malignancies (246 cases)
Cyclophosphamide†	1.16	0.54–2.51
Azathioprine	0.75	0.43–1.31
Methotrexate	1.33	0.61–2.89
Anti-malarial agents	1.04	0.59–1.84
Systemic glucocorticoids	1.09	0.68–1.74
NSAIDs	0.75	0.43–1.33
Aspirin	0.92	0.51–1.66
Tobacco use‡	1.13	0.92–1.39
Age ⩾65	2.69	1.38–5.24
Female sex	1.08	0.58–2.00
White	1.64	1.04–2.58
Damage	3.07	1.97–4.81
Residence in North America	2.40	1.21–4.73
Cohort entry before 1990	1.36	0.90–2.05
Haematological malignancies (46 cases)
Cyclophosphamide	2.09	0.69–6.30
Azathioprine	1.19	0.48–2.92
Methotrexate	1.91	0.71–5.16
Anti-malarial agents	1.90	0.87–4.16
Systemic glucocorticoids	1.62	0.71–3.70
NSAIDs	0.80	0.30–2.15
Aspirin	0.94	0.35–2.52
Tobacco use‡	0.81	0.56–1.18
Age ⩾65	2.22	0.81–6.14
Female sex	1.90	0.53–6.79
White	1.08	0.52–2.22
Damage?	1.92	0.90–4.10
Residence in North America	1.13	0.44–2.92
Sjögren syndrome?	0.62	0.16–2.35
Cohort entry before 1990	2.61	1.15–5.91
Lung cancer (35 cases)
Cyclophosphamide	1.43	0.21–9.60
Azathioprine	0.43	0.09–1.97
Methotrexate	0.80	0.04–15.34
Anti-malarial agents	1.77	0.55–5.73
Systemic glucocorticoids	0.35	0.12–1.03
NSAIDs	0.77	0.23–2.53
Aspirin	1.34	0.42–4.28
Tobacco use‡	3.60	1.32–9.83
Age ⩾65	1.08	0.24–4.81
Female sex	0.45	0.17–1.21
White	2.52	0.87–7.30
Damage§	1.87	0.41–8.54
Residence in North America	2.50	0.92–6.76
Cohort entry before 1990	7.65	2.82–20.80

*Our sample included 538 cancer-free controls.
†All medication exposures are ever/never and time-dependent, and include both oral and parenteral exposures. Anti-malarial agents includes hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine.
‡Tobacco use considered as a categorical variable (ever/never smoker/missing).
§We controlled for organ damage as assessed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index (SLICC/ACR DI), not including the item related to cancer.
¶A categorical variable indicated physician-confirmed Sjögren syndrome (ie, based on sicca symptoms, serology, and confirmatory tests, as per diagnostic criteria).