Paracetamol | GI discomfort | | 0.80 (0.27 to 2.37) | RCTs | 48 |
| GI perforation/bleed | | 3.60 (2.60 to 5.10) | Case-control study | 49 |
| GI bleeding | | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | Case-control studies | 50 |
| Renal failure | | 2.5 (1.7 to 3.6) | Case-control study | 51 |
| Renal failure | | 0.83 (0.50 to 1.39) | Cohort study | 52 |
Topical NSAIDs | GI events | | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.56) | RCTs | 25 |
| GI bleed/perforation | | 1.45 (0.84 to 2.50) | Case-control | 42 |
Glucosamine sulphate preparations | Any | | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.08) | RCTs | 53 |
Diacerhein | Diarrhoea | | 3.98 (2.90 to 5.47) | RCTs | 54, 55 |
NSAIDs | GI perforation/ulcer/bleed | | 5.36 (1.79 to 16.10) | RCTs | 56 |
| GI perforation/ulcer/bleed | | 2.70 (2.10 to 3.50) | Cohort studies | 56 |
| GI perforation/ulcer/bleed | | 3.00 (2.70 to 3.70) | Case-control studies | 56 |
GI protective strategies versus NSAID alone | | | | | |
H2 blocker+NSAID | Serious GI complications | | 0.33 (0.01 to 8.14) | RCTs | 57 |
| Symptomatic ulcers | | 1.46 (0.06 to 35.53) | RCTs | 57 |
| Serious CV or renal events | | 0.53 (0.08 to 3.46) | RCTs | 57 |
PPI+NSAID | Serious GI complications | | 0.46 (0.07 to 2.92) | RCTs | 57 |
| Symptomatic ulcers | | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.47) | RCTs | 57 |
| Serious CV or renal events | | 0.78 (0.10 to 6.26) | RCTs | 57 |
Misoprostol+NSAID | Serious GI complications | | 0.57 (0.36 to 0.91) | RCTs | 57 |
| Symptomatic ulcers | | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.67) | RCTs | 57 |
| Serious CV or renal events | | 1.78 (0.26 to 12.07) | RCTs | 57 |
| Diarrhoea | | 1.81 (1.52 to 2.61) | RCTs | 58 |
COX-2 selective | Serious GI complications | | 0.61 (0.34 to 1.10) | RCTs | 57 |
| Symptomatic ulcers | | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.65) | RCTs | 57 |
| Serious CV or renal events | | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.66) | RCTs | 57 |
COX-2 specific (coxibs) | Serious GI complications | | 0.55 (0.38 to 0.80 | RCTs | 57 |
| Symptomatic ulcers | | 0.49 (0.38 to 0.62) | RCTs | 57 |
| Serious CV or renal events | | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.75) | RCTs | 57 |
Surgery | | | | | |
T+LRTI/IA v T | Any | | 2.12 (1.24 to 3.60) | RCTs | 29 |
TJR v T+IA | Any | | 5.00 (0.26 to 95.02) | RCTs | 29 |