Characteristics of the study cohort (n = 410)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| *Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, ciclosporin, or methotrexate. | |
| Female (%) | 91 |
| Age at diagnosis (years), mean (SD) | 33.0 (13.2) |
| Disease duration (years), mean (SD) | 8.6 (8.2) |
| dsDNA seropositive (%) | 56 |
| Current smokers (%) | 12 |
| Former smokers (%) | 22 |
| Treated with immunomodulatory agents (%)* | 49 |