Causes of secondary HOA
| Pulmonary |
| Benign conditions |
| Bronchial carcinoid |
| Cystic fibrosis |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Bronchiectasis |
| Tuberculosis |
| Chronic infections |
| Pleural methothelioma |
| A-V fistulae |
| Lipid pneumonia |
| Plasma cell granuloma of the lung |
| Lung mass of xanthogranulomatous inflammation |
| Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis |
| Primary pulmonary malignancies |
| Small cell carcinoma of the lung |
| Adenocarcinoma |
| Large cell carcinoma |
| Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Hodgkin’s disease |
| Fibrosarcoma |
| Carcinosarcoma of the lung |
| Pulmonary metastatic disease |
| Extrapulmonary malignancies |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
| Oesophageal carcinoma |
| Oesophageal leiomyoma |
| Breast cancer |
| Thymic carcinoma |
| Soft tissue sarcoma |
| Malignant fibrous histocytoma |
| Hodgkin’s disease |
| Undifferentiated thyroid cancer |
| Renal cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis |
| Cardiovascular disease |
| Cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
| Patent ductus arteriosus |
| Aneurysms |
| Aortic prosthesis |
| Hepatic |
| Biliary atresia |
| Primary sclerosing colangiitis |
| Wilson’s disease |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis |
| Benign gastrointestinal lesions |
| Gastrointestinal polyposis |
| Crohn’s disease |
| Ulcerative colitis |
| Regional enteritis |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux and oesophagitis |
| Achalasia |
| Miscellaneous |
| Graves’ disease |
| Thalassaemia |
| Infected graft with endotoxin: infected aortic graft |
| AIDS |
| Neurogenic origin: vagotomy, hemiplegia |
| Docetaxel chemotherapy for breast cancer |