Selected risk factors and co-morbidities associated with gout
| Risk factor/co-morbidity level | Evidence | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| The relative risk was adjusted by age, sex, other risk factors and comorbidities. | |||
| *While it was not associated with the occurrence of gout, lead in patellar bone affected the serum uric acid level with a partial regression coefficient of 0.007 (p = 0.022). However, lead in blood or tibial bone was not associated with either the serum uric acid or gout. | |||
| CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk. | |||
| Male sex | IIb | 7.64 (7.46 to 7.81) | 2 |
| Meat | IIa | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 40 |
| Seafood | IIa | 1.51 (1.17 to 1.95) | 40 |
| Alcohol (10 g increase daily) | IIa | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.22) | 41 |
| Diuretics | IIa | 1.72 (1.67 to 1.76) | 2 |
| Obesity | IIb | 3.81 (1.22 to 11.84) | 14 |
| Hypertension | IIa | 3.93 (1.60 to 9.70) | 36 |
| Coronary heart disease | IIb | 1.75 (1.70 to 1.79) | 2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | IIb | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) | 2 |
| Chronic renal failure | IIb | 4.95 (4.28 to 5.72) | 2 |
| Triglyceride, Apo B | IIb | Increased to p<0.05 | 38, 39 |
| Lead (patellar bone)* | IIa | 0.99 (0.44 to 2.10) | 45 |