Table 1

 Characteristics of patients with SLE

Results are given as No (%) unless otherwise stated.
ANA, antinuclear antibodies; ENA, extractable nuclear antigens; aCL, anticardiolipin antibodies; anti-β2GPI, anti-β2-glycoprotein I.
Skin/mucosal manifestations, includes butterfly rash/erythema (22 patients), photosensitivity (21 patients), alopecia/defluvium (14 patients), mucosal ulcers (11 patients), extended rash (7 patients), discoid lupus erythematosus (3 patients), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE; 2 patients); peripheral vascular disease, includes also Raynaud’s phenomenon; extractable nuclear antigens, antibodies against Ro/SSA (16 patients), La/SSB (6 patients), Sm (5 patients), RNP (3 patients), centromere (2 patients); cytotoxic drugs. includes azathioprine and methotrexate.
Patient characteristics
Male3 (9)
Female30 (91)
Indoor workers31 (94)
Age (years), mean (SD)47 (12)
Duration of SLE (years), mean (SD)17 (10)
Previous or present clinical features
Haematological manifestations29 (88)
Musculoskeletal symptoms28 (85)
Skin/mucosal manifestations25 (76)
Peripheral vascular disease22 (67)
Cardiopulmonary disease12 (36)
Renal disease11 (33)
Neuropsychological manifestations10 (30)
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca6 (18)
Antibodies present at the start of the study
ANA28 (85)
DNA16 (48)
ENA21 (64)
aCL26 (79)
Anti-β2GPI2 (6)
Treatment for SLE at the start of the study
Corticosteroids18 (55)
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine8 (24)
Cytotoxic drugs5 (15)
Ciclosporin1 (3)
No treatment12 (36)