Level of evidence based on the literature search, and strength of recommendation based on both evidence and expert opinion
| Intervention | Level of evidence | Effect size Range | Strength of recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen/paracetamol | 1B | A | |
| Opioid analgesics | 1B | B | |
| NSAIDs | |||
| Conventional NSAID | 1A | 0.47–0.96 | A |
| Coxibs | 1B | 0.5 | A |
| Antidepressant | 1B | B | |
| Topical NSAID | 1A | −0.05–1.03 | A |
| Topical capsaicin | 1A | 0.41–0.56 | A |
| Sex hormones | 2B | C | |
| SYSADOA | |||
| Glucosamine | 1A | 0.43–1.02 | A |
| Chondroitin | 1A | 1.23–1.50 | A |
| Diacerein | 1B | B | |
| ASU | 1B | 0.32–1.72 | B |
| Nutrients | 1B | 0.65 | B |
| Herbal remedies | 1B | 0.23–1.32 | B |
| Minerals/vitamins | 1B | C | |
| Education | 1A | 0.28–0.35 | A |
| Exercise | 1B | 0.57–1.0 | A |
| Telephone | 1B | 1.09 | B |
| Acupuncture | 1B | 0.25–1.74 | B |
| Laser | 1B | 0.87 | B |
| Pulsed EMF | 1B | B | |
| Spa therapy | 1B | 1.0 | C |
| TENS | 1B | 0.76 | B |
| Ultrasound | 1B | C | |
| Weight loss | 1B | B | |
| Insoles | 1B | B | |
| Orthotic device (knee brace/patella tape/elastic bandage | 1B | B | |
| IA Hyaluronic acid | 1B | 0.0–0.9 | B |
| IA Corticosteroid | 1B | 1.27 | A |
| Lavage/tidal irrigation | 1B | 0.84 | B |
| Arthroscopy±debridement | 1B | C | |
| Osteotomy | 3 | C | |
| UCKR | 3 | C | |
| TKR | 3 | C | |