English literature search 1960–98: case reports of avascular necrosis (AVN) in primary or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
| Authors (reference) | 1/ or 2/ APS | Age | Sex | Race | Site(s) of osteonecrosis | Previous corticosteroid use | Remarks |
| Alijotaset al 29 | 1/ | 32 | F | W | Lunate | −ve | |
| Velaet al 31 | 1/ | 32 | F | W | Left femoral head | −ve | |
| Seleznick et al 32 | 1/ | 47 | F | AC | Left femoral head, right knee | −ve | |
| Egan et al 12 | 1/, catastrophic | 25 | F | W | Proximal femur, T8, L4, L5 vertebrae, manubrium, lower sternum, (shoulders, elbows, wrists, ankles, tibiae) | −ve | 1 month after hysterectomy for carcinoma of uterus, concomitant AIHA, leg ulcer, and RTA (IV) |
1/ = primary; 2/ = secondary; AC = Afro-Caribbean; AIHA = autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; DVT = deep vein thrombosis; F = female; RTA = renal tubular acidosis; W = white.