Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of joint pain comparing women in rural Japan with women in urban Hawaii
| Age adjusted | Age and BMI adjusted | |
|---|---|---|
| Any joint pain | 2.91 (1.97, 4.30) | 3.41 (2.27, 5.13) |
| Shoulder | 1.58 (1.03, 2.41) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.81) |
| Elbow | 2.27 (1.15, 4.46) | 2.48 (1.23, 5.00) |
| Wrist | 1.98 (0.98, 3.99) | 2.11 (1.02, 4.36) |
| Hand | 0.70 (0.42, 1.16) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.29) |
| Hip | 0.93 (0.51, 1.71) | 1.07 (0.57, 2.02) |
| Knee | 3.20 (2.14, 4.77) | 4.38 (2.85, 6.75) |
| Ankle | 1.97 (1.08, 3.57) | 2.42 (1.30, 4.51) |
| Foot | 0.99 (0.55, 1.80) | 1.19 (0.64, 2.21) |
| Neck | 1.25 (0.77, 2.05) | 1.43 (0.86, 2.39) |
| Upper back | 1.38 (0.75, 2.51) | 1.51 (0.81, 2.80) |
| Mid-back | 4.02 (2.18, 7.43) | 4.48 (2.38, 8.46) |
| Low back | 1.44 (0.95, 2.18) | 1.83 (1.19, 2.83) |
BMI = body mass index. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression, adjusting for age and BMI (continuous variables).