TY - JOUR T1 - Imaging in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced polymyalgia rheumatica JF - Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases JO - Ann Rheum Dis DO - 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217381 SP - annrheumdis-2020-217381 AU - Kornelis S M van der Geest AU - Maria Sandovici AU - Abraham Rutgers AU - T Jeroen N Hiltermann AU - Sjoukje F Oosting AU - Riemer H J A Slart AU - Elisabeth Brouwer Y1 - 2020/04/02 UR - http://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2020/04/02/annrheumdis-2020-217381.abstract N2 - We read with great interest the article ‘Addressing immune-related adverse events of cancer immunotherapy: how prepared are rheumatologists?’ by Kostine et al.1 The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has been a major breakthrough in the management of metastatic cancer. On the downside, ICI therapy may induce unwanted autoimmune effects, the so-called immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Various irAEs have been described that resemble a regular rheumatic disease, including polymyalgia rheumatica (ICI-PMR).2 3 The authors report that rheumatologists may lack confidence in diagnosing irAEs. Therefore, recommendations for the diagnosis of rheumatic irAEs are needed. Based on our experience with ICI-PMR, we propose that imaging could be an important part of such recommendations.We investigated six consecutive patients with ICI-PMR by ultrasonography, and five of these patients also by [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scan. Five patients fulfilled the provisional American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for PMR.4 A normal C-reactive protein level in the absence of an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test precluded PMR classification in one patient. However, this patient fulfilled both the clinical and ultrasound criteria for PMR,4 and showed findings suggestive of PMR on the FDG-PET/CT scan.5 The median age was 73 years (range 59–83; online supplementary table 1). Patients received anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment, that … ER -