TY - JOUR T1 - Differential ubiquitination in NETs regulates macrophage responses in systemic lupus erythematosus JF - Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases JO - Ann Rheum Dis SP - 944 LP - 950 DO - 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212617 VL - 77 IS - 6 AU - Ana Barrera-Vargas AU - Diana Gómez-Martín AU - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera AU - Javier Merayo-Chalico AU - Jiram Torres-Ruiz AU - Zerai Manna AU - Sarfaraz Hasni AU - Jorge Alcocer-Varela AU - Mariana J Kaplan Y1 - 2018/06/01 UR - http://ard.bmj.com/content/77/6/944.abstract N2 - Objectives To assess if ubiquitinated proteins potentially present in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can modify cellular responses and induce inflammatory mechanisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy subjects.Materials and methods We studied 74 subjects with SLE and 77 healthy controls. Neutrophils and low-density granulocytes were isolated, and NETs were induced. Ubiquitin content was quantified in NETs by western blot analysis, ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy, while ubiquitination of NET proteins was assessed by immunoprecipitation. Monocyte-derived macrophages from SLE and controls were isolated and stimulated with NETs or ubiquitin. Calcium flux and cytokine synthesis were measured following these stimuli.Results NETs contain ubiquitinated proteins, with a lower expression of polyubiquitinated proteins in subjects with SLE than in controls. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in ubiquitinated form in NETs. Patients with SLE develop antiubiquitinated MPO antibodies, and titres positively correlate with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score (P<0.01), and negatively correlate with complement components (P<0.01). Stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages with NETs or with ubiquitin led to enhanced calcium flux. In addition, stimulation with NETs led to enhanced cytokine (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10) production in macrophages from patients with SLE when compared with controls, which was hampered by inhibition of NET internalisation by macrophages.Conclusion This is the first study to find ubiquitinated proteins in NETs, and evidence for adaptive immune responses directed towards ubiquitinated NET proteins in SLE. The distinct differences in ubiquitin species profile in NETs compared with healthy controls may contribute to dampened anti-inflammatory responses observed in SLE. These results also support a role for extracellular ubiquitin in inflammation in SLE. ER -