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Footnotes
Handling editor Josef S Smolen
X @Martin_MetabIO
AH, TH, GS and DM contributed equally.
Contributors AH, TH, DW, DB and DM designed the study. TH, DW, MB, JM, EF and VP acquired the data. AH, TH, MB, JM, DB, EF, RG, GS and DM interpreted the data. AH, TH, GS and DM prepared the manuscript. AH, TH, DW, MB and DM had access to and verified the data. AH and DM, as guarantors, accept full responsibility for the work and the conduct of the study, had access to the data and control the decision to publish.
Funding AH is supported by the Deutsche Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the CRC Transregio 128 (Multiple Sklerose). The work of GS is supported by the DFG through the Leibniz Award and the research groups PANDORA FOR2886, CRC1483 (EmpkinS) and CRC1181. GS received further funding from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) through the Mascara project, the European Union through the ERC Synergy grant 4D Nanoscope and the IMI-funded project RTCure. DM is supported by the DFG through the research groups PANDORA FOR2886, CRC/TRR305 (A03), CRC/TRR221 (A06), RTG2408 (P13) and the grant 536993790.
Competing interests AH has served on scientific advisory boards for Galapagos, Novartis and Merck Serono; received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono and Novartis; and received limited research grants from Merck Serono. DB is an employee and shareholder of Kyverna Therapeutics. EF has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie, BMS, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Pfizer. GS has received speaker honoraria from BMS, Cabaletta, Janssen, Kyverna, Miltenyi and Novartis. DM has received speaker honoraria and consulting fees from Abbvie, BMS, Beigene, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Miltenyi and Novartis.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.