Footnotes

• Contributors JM, ML and GM designed the study, carried out the data management and statistical analyses and wrote the paper. LS wrote the protocol of the FAITH cohort. GM wrote the protocol of the AHEAD cohort. All authors participated in the interpretation of the results, critically reviewed the manuscript and gave final approval for submission.

• Funding This study is academic, funded by Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI) and the Toulouse University Hospital.

• Competing interests This study is academic. JM reports grants from SNFMI. GM received meeting attendance grants from Novartis and Amgen and is coordinator of research studies granted by CSL Behring, Novartis and Grifols. He participated in educational sessions funded by Amgen and Novartis, and boards for Novartis and Amgen.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.